Cognitive 2

1. According to the levels-of-processing framework, as originally proposed, if you were shown semantically related words (Ex: dog and animal), rhyming words (Ex:) dog and log), as well as related words, the words most easily recalled would be the

Semantically related words

Words concretely connected

Unrelated words

All words would be recalled about equally

2. At the most general level, memory process include

Encoding

Storage

Retrieval

All of the above

3. When you tie your shoelace, you are using which memory process?

Explicit/procedural

Implicit/procedural

Explicit/declarative

Implicit/declarative

4. The limits for the amount of information stored in Long Term Memory are

12 billion bits

100 years worth of information

No limits found yet

7 plus or minus two

5. You have a test scheduled for Thursday at noon. Which of the following studying strategies will produce the best result?

1 hour of studying on Thursday morning

1/2 hour of studying Tuesday and 1/2 hour of studying Wednesday

1 hour of studying on Wednesday

All three strategies will produce the same result

6. Loftu's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, Misleading Postevent Information (MPI) was (were) the word (s)...

"fast"

"smashed"

"miles per hour"

"car crash"

7. Which of the following is a conclusion drawn by Stephen Kosslyn in a study dealing with image size?

The resolution for both large and small objects is equally highly detailed

Resolution varies randomly with sizes of objects

8. Conrad (1964) visually presented participants with series of letters and asked them to recall them immediately. A typical list of letter presented was: BCFMPSTVX. Common recall errors were

Confusing letter which look alike (M and W)

Confusing letter which sound alike (M and V)

Confusing letter which occurred early in the list

Confusing letter which occurred late in the list

9. On his way to the supermarket, John remembers that he needs paper towels and toilet paper. He then remembers that he also needs cheese, eggs, and milk. The order in which he remembered the grocery items illustrates that information stored in long-term memory seems to be primarily encoded

Visually

Acoustically

Semantically

In some sort of alphabetic order

10. STM's capacity is best estimated as 7 (plus or minus two)

Meaningful units

Digits or letters

Words

Sentances

11. Imagery includes

Only visual representations

Representations perceived through all the senses

Only visual, auditory, and taste representations.

Only visual and auditory representations

12. ________ occurs when competing information causes us to forget something.

Decay

Reconstructive learning

Unlearrning

Interference

13. Flashbulb memories tend to be

Extremely vivid and clear

Extremely accurate

Completely unemotional

All of the above

14. Memory serves many wide ranging purposes for us. Some of these include:

It helps us to predict the future

It lines up our own history with our culture's history

It gives us effortless continuity of experience from one day to the next

All of the above

15. This exam uses what process to test your memory

Recognition

Recall

Reconstruction

Episodic

16. Edward Tolman argued that rats running a maze learn a ____, an internal representation of the maze

Cognitive map

Route-road map

Survey map

Perceptual map

17. In studies of working memory, which list of words is recalled worst?

MAP MAD MAN

COW BUN DAY

BIG LONG LARGE

OLD FOWL LATE

18. Which two memory functions are closely tied to each other?

Storage and retrieval

Storage and encoding

Encoding and retrieval

None of the above

19. Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following except

Deciding, through attention , which incoming sensory information will be the focus of attention

Filling in the blanks when the stimulation is intermittent

Holding incoming information briefly during initial processing

Collecting information to be processed

20. This model of memory consists of several elements including the central executive, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. This model is known as...

Primary memory and secondary memory

Three-store model

Levels-of-processing framework

Working memory

21. In short term memory, you can remember the 12 letters: HBO, ABC, NBC, and CBS easily compared to these 12 letters: ANC, BOH, CDP, and ZFQ. Why?

Acoustic information

Implicit information

Chunking

Depth of processing

22. ________ interference is caused by an activity occurring after we learn something, but before we are asked to recall that thing.

Decay

Proactive

Retroactive

Reconstructive

23. Brief sensory memory for visual information is known as

Iconic memory

Primary auditory memory

Echoic memory

Pre-perceptual auditory memory

24. Which of the following lists of letter would you be least likely to remember accurately in STM?

D,G,E,P,T,C, and B

A, B, C, D, E, F, and G

H, J, U, O, W, K, and C

Q, L, M, R, S, N, and Y

25. An essay exam is an example of what sort of memory task?

Recall

Recognition

Speed of reaction

Personal semantic memory

26. It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...

One is handled by the sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop

Both are handled by the sketchpad

Both are handled by the phonological loop

Both b and c are correct

27. Which two processes contribute the most to effective learning?

Distributive studying and sleep

Massed studying and sleep

Distributive studying and exercise

Massed studying and exercise

28. According to Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model, information which is stored based on ______ is remembered best.

Visual features

Sound information

Semantic information

Color association

29. When you try to remember what you were doing on October 28, 2008, you use what process?

Declarative memory

Chunking

Procedural memory

Re-constructive memory

30. In an exhaustive serially processing search of short-term memory, people generally take amount(s) of time to find a target ___.

Different; depending on where in the list it is located

The same; regardless of where in the list it is located

The same; as long as the target is one of the first 3 items

The same; as long as the target is one of the last 3 items

31. A typical serial position curve shows that recall of words in a list is best for items _ of the list and poorest for items ___.

In the middle; at and near the end

At and near the end; near the beginning

Near the beginning; in the middle

Near the beginning; at and near the end

32. Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony of his or her memories...

The more accurate the memories are

The more convincing the testimony is to a jury

The more likely the testifier is to be influenced by a weapon focus

Both a and b

33. Which model of memory consists of nodes and links between the nodes and suggests that knowledge is represented in the connections between the nodes

Correspondence model of memory

HERA model of memory

Permastore

Connectionist model of memory

34. Connectionist nets are often referred to as neural nets because

The associative links in a network tie neurons together

The long-term goal of connectionist models is to provide replacements for damaged neurons in the brain

Advocates of the connectionist approach argue that their models made good biological sense and function much as the brain does

Research has found that most people do not understand the term "connectionist"

35. According to a semantic-network model, when we think about cats, the for cats becomes __.

Network; activated

Frame; inhibited

Node;inhibited

Node; activated

36. The connectionist Model of LTM storage states that a concept is best defined as...

A node

A process

A pattern

An item

37. Research compared memory of chess masters and beginner chess players for the position of game pieces on sample chess boards. They found that the chess masters remembered positions better than the beginners when the board was arranged consistent with a real game but not when the pieces were randomly placed. the importance of this finding was that...

Experts show larger STM capabilities than beginners

Knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span memory

Expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference

Chunking takes place when a person has knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts

38. Which of the following is an accurate description of results obtained in a major study concerning mental rotations?

The degree of rotation of the figures had no bearing on response time.

For every increase in the degree of rotation of the figures, there was a corresponding decrease in response time

For every decrease in the degree of rotation of the figures, there was a corresponding increase in response time

For every increase in the degree of rotation of the figures, there was a corresponding increase in response time

39. Consider your knowledge of STM. Let's say we conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as...

L

I

R

C

40. Week after week, Steph and Rachel watch Glle on television. They never planned to memorize the names of Will and Sue and Emma, but somehow, they now know them all quite well. This sort of learning is called

Elaborative

Intentional

Accidental

Incidental

41. Louise put a light bulb on a lamp, turned it on, and looked at it directly. Immediately after that, she looked away and she could still "see" the bulb shining brightly. This visual persistence is an example of the type of information held in the _________ store

Echoic

Visual

Episodic

Iconic

42. In general, it appears that most information in Short Term Memory is stored using

A visual code

A semantic code

An auditory code

All three forms of coding are used equally

43. Saul Sternberg (1966) did an important study on retrieval of information from Short Term Memory. He hypothesized that processing of an information set in Short Term Memory could be either

Short term or long term

Declarative or procedural

Parallel or serial

None of the above

44. Recent fMRI work suggest that brain areas used in

Verbal comprehension are the same as those used in perception

Verbal comprehension are the same as those used in mental rotation

Perception are not the same as those used in mental rotation

Perception are the same as those used in mental rotation

45. People often report this annoying memory failure: they walk from one end of their house to the other for something and when they get to their destination, they forget what they went to the other side of the house for. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of...

The self-reference effect

Maintenance rehearsal

Levels of processing theory

Encoding specificity

46. When looking at the map that a friend drew of your hometown, you notice that streets with odd or angled intersections appear to be more perpendicular than what they really are. This is an example of...

Route-road knowledge

Relative-position heuristic

Survey

Right-angle bias

47. Sandra has just come from studying with some classmates to whom she has just been introduced. She then runs into a good friend who introduces her to David. As Sandra walks away, she realizes that she can't remember David's name. This description illustrates

Decay

Reconstructive forgetting

Retroactive interference

Proactive interference

48. Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same qualities. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization

Prototype

Exemplar

Definition or feature

Family resemblance or heredity

49. In the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart, the network comprises

Concepts

Nodes

Propositions

Neuron-like units

Cognitive 2

1. According to the levels-of-processing framework, as originally proposed, if you were shown semantically related words (Ex: dog and animal), rhyming words (Ex:) dog and log), as well as related words, the words most easily recalled would be the

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. At the most general level, memory process include

3. When you tie your shoelace, you are using which memory process?

4. The limits for the amount of information stored in Long Term Memory are

5. You have a test scheduled for Thursday at noon. Which of the following studying strategies will produce the best result?

6. Loftu's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, Misleading Postevent Information (MPI) was (were) the word (s)...

7. Which of the following is a conclusion drawn by Stephen Kosslyn in a study dealing with image size?

8. Conrad (1964) visually presented participants with series of letters and asked them to recall them immediately. A typical list of letter presented was: BCFMPSTVX. Common recall errors were

9. On his way to the supermarket, John remembers that he needs paper towels and toilet paper. He then remembers that he also needs cheese, eggs, and milk. The order in which he remembered the grocery items illustrates that information stored in long-term memory seems to be primarily encoded

10. STM's capacity is best estimated as 7 (plus or minus two)

11. Imagery includes

12. ________ occurs when competing information causes us to forget something.

13. Flashbulb memories tend to be

14. Memory serves many wide ranging purposes for us. Some of these include:

15. This exam uses what process to test your memory

16. Edward Tolman argued that rats running a maze learn a ____, an internal representation of the maze

17. In studies of working memory, which list of words is recalled worst?

18. Which two memory functions are closely tied to each other?

19. Sensory memory is believed by many cognitive psychologists to be responsible for all of the following except

20. This model of memory consists of several elements including the central executive, the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. This model is known as...

21. In short term memory, you can remember the 12 letters: HBO, ABC, NBC, and CBS easily compared to these 12 letters: ANC, BOH, CDP, and ZFQ. Why?

22. ________ interference is caused by an activity occurring after we learn something, but before we are asked to recall that thing.

23. Brief sensory memory for visual information is known as

24. Which of the following lists of letter would you be least likely to remember accurately in STM?

25. An essay exam is an example of what sort of memory task?

26. It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if...

27. Which two processes contribute the most to effective learning?

28. According to Craik and Lockhart's levels of processing model, information which is stored based on ______ is remembered best.

29. When you try to remember what you were doing on October 28, 2008, you use what process?

30. In an exhaustive serially processing search of short-term memory, people generally take ____ amount(s) of time to find a target _______.

31. A typical serial position curve shows that recall of words in a list is best for items _____ of the list and poorest for items _______.

32. Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony of his or her memories...

33. Which model of memory consists of nodes and links between the nodes and suggests that knowledge is represented in the connections between the nodes

34. Connectionist nets are often referred to as neural nets because

35. According to a semantic-network model, when we think about cats, the ____ for cats becomes ______.

36. The connectionist Model of LTM storage states that a concept is best defined as...

38. Which of the following is an accurate description of results obtained in a major study concerning mental rotations?

40. Week after week, Steph and Rachel watch Glle on television. They never planned to memorize the names of Will and Sue and Emma, but somehow, they now know them all quite well. This sort of learning is called

41. Louise put a light bulb on a lamp, turned it on, and looked at it directly. Immediately after that, she looked away and she could still "see" the bulb shining brightly. This visual persistence is an example of the type of information held in the _________ store

42. In general, it appears that most information in Short Term Memory is stored using

43. Saul Sternberg (1966) did an important study on retrieval of information from Short Term Memory. He hypothesized that processing of an information set in Short Term Memory could be either

44. Recent fMRI work suggest that brain areas used in

46. When looking at the map that a friend drew of your hometown, you notice that streets with odd or angled intersections appear to be more perpendicular than what they really are. This is an example of...

47. Sandra has just come from studying with some classmates to whom she has just been introduced. She then runs into a good friend who introduces her to David. As Sandra walks away, she realizes that she can't remember David's name. This description illustrates

48. Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same qualities. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the _______ approach to categorization

49. In the parallel distributed processing model proposed by McClelland and Rumelhart, the network comprises

30. In an exhaustive serially processing search of short-term memory, people generally take amount(s) of time to find a target ___.

31. A typical serial position curve shows that recall of words in a list is best for items _ of the list and poorest for items ___.

35. According to a semantic-network model, when we think about cats, the for cats becomes __.