Childhood Immunology And The Importance Of Vaccination

2.

The adaptive immune response differs from innate because it:

Involves cells
Involves soluble factors
Develops memory
Responds to viruses
Responds to bacteria

Correct Answer

A. Develops memory

Explanation

The adaptive immune response differs from innate because it develops memory. This means that after encountering a specific pathogen, the adaptive immune system is able to remember it and mount a faster and more effective response upon subsequent exposure. This memory allows the immune system to provide long-lasting protection against specific pathogens, which is a key characteristic of the adaptive immune response.

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3.

The process by which a macrophage engulfs bacteria is called:

Chemotaxis
Opsonisation
Activation
Phagocytosis
Neutralisation

Correct Answer

A. Phagocytosis

Explanation

Phagocytosis is the correct answer because it refers to the process by which a macrophage engulfs bacteria. During phagocytosis, the macrophage surrounds the bacteria with its cell membrane and internalizes it, forming a phagosome. The phagosome then fuses with a lysosome, forming a phagolysosome, where the bacteria are destroyed by enzymes and toxic substances. Phagocytosis is an important mechanism of the immune system to eliminate pathogens and foreign particles.

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4.

Which cell is normally seen during the initial stages of an immune response?

Neutrophil
T regulatory Cell
B-cell
CD4+ T-cells
CD8+ T-cells

Correct Answer

A. Neutrophil

Explanation

During the initial stages of an immune response, neutrophils are normally seen. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that are part of the innate immune system. They are the first responders to sites of infection or inflammation and play a crucial role in engulfing and destroying pathogens. They are particularly effective against bacteria and fungi. Neutrophils are quickly recruited to the site of infection and release antimicrobial substances to eliminate the pathogens. Therefore, neutrophils are the correct answer for this question.

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5.

Antibodies are produced by:

CD4+ T-cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages
CD8+ T-cells
B-cells

Correct Answer

A. B-cells

Explanation

B-cells are responsible for producing antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that are produced by B-cells in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as bacteria or viruses, in the body. When B-cells encounter these foreign substances, they differentiate into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies. These antibodies then bind to the foreign substances, marking them for destruction by other cells in the immune system. Therefore, B-cells play a crucial role in the adaptive immune response by producing antibodies to help eliminate pathogens from the body.

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6.

Which ONE of the following functions below is commonly used by antibodies?

Neutralisation
Migration
Transplantation
Immobilisation
Regulation

Correct Answer

A. Neutralisation

Explanation

Antibodies commonly use the function of neutralization. Neutralization refers to the process where antibodies bind to pathogens such as viruses or toxins, rendering them inactive or unable to infect cells. This is achieved by blocking the pathogen's ability to bind to host cells or by preventing the pathogen from entering the cells. Neutralization is an important defense mechanism of the immune system and plays a crucial role in protecting the body against infections.

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7.

Which cell type is normally involved in removing viral infected cells?

B-cell
CD8+ T-cells
CD4+ T-cells
Macrophage
Neutrophil

Correct Answer

A. CD8+ T-cells

Explanation

CD8+ T-cells are the cell type that is normally involved in removing viral infected cells. CD8+ T-cells, also known as cytotoxic T-cells, are a type of immune cell that can recognize and destroy cells that have been infected by viruses. They do this by releasing toxic substances that kill the infected cells. B-cells, CD4+ T-cells, macrophages, and neutrophils also play important roles in the immune response, but CD8+ T-cells are specifically responsible for eliminating viral infected cells.

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8.

Which ONE of the following functions below is commonly used by CD4⁺T-cells?

Killing
Helping
Rolling
Migrating
Neutralising

Correct Answer

A. Helping

Explanation

CD4+ T-cells are a type of white blood cell that play a crucial role in the immune response. They are primarily involved in coordinating and regulating the immune system. One of their main functions is to provide help or assistance to other immune cells, such as B-cells and cytotoxic T-cells. This help can come in the form of releasing chemical signals called cytokines, which stimulate and enhance the activity of these other cells. Therefore, the function commonly used by CD4+ T-cells is "Helping."

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9.

Vaccination helps the immune system by producing:

B-cells
Antibodies
T-cells
Macrophages
High affinity antibodies

Correct Answer

A. High affinity antibodies

Explanation

Vaccination helps the immune system by producing high affinity antibodies. High affinity antibodies are specific proteins that bind to and neutralize pathogens, preventing them from causing infection. When a person is vaccinated, their immune system is exposed to a harmless form of the pathogen or a part of it. This exposure stimulates the production of antibodies that are highly specific to that particular pathogen. These high affinity antibodies can recognize and bind to the pathogen more effectively, leading to a faster and stronger immune response if the person is later exposed to the actual pathogen.

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10.

Vaccination induces immunological memory, which means:

Upon meeting the same antigen again the immune system fails to respond
Upon meeting the same antigen again the immune system responds quicker
Upon meeting the same antigen again the immune system responds slower
Upon meeting a different antigen the immune system fails to respond
Upon meeting a different antigen the immune system responds slower

Correct Answer

A. Upon meeting the same antigen again the immune system responds quicker

Explanation

Vaccination induces immunological memory, which means that when the immune system is exposed to the same antigen again, it responds quicker. This is because the immune system has already encountered the antigen and has developed a memory of it. This memory allows the immune system to mount a faster and more efficient response, leading to a quicker elimination of the antigen and a more effective immune response overall.

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11.

The age-associated decrease in immunity is often called:

Immunoageing
Immunodecay
Immunodeficiency
Immunoelderly
Immunosenescence

Correct Answer

A. Immunosenescence

Explanation

Immunosenescence refers to the age-associated decrease in immunity. It is a process where the immune system undergoes functional and structural changes, leading to a decline in its ability to respond to infections and diseases. This term encompasses the overall deterioration of the immune system with aging, including reduced immune cell function, decreased production of antibodies, and impaired immune response. Immunosenescence is a natural part of the aging process and contributes to the increased susceptibility to infections and the reduced effectiveness of vaccines in older individuals.

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12.

Which class of antibody can transfer across the placenta and into the foetus?

IgA
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgM

Correct Answer

A. IgG

Explanation

IgG is the class of antibody that can transfer across the placenta and into the fetus. This is because IgG antibodies are small enough to pass through the placental barrier, providing passive immunity to the developing fetus. IgA, IgD, IgE, and IgM antibodies do not have the ability to cross the placenta in significant amounts.

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Childhood Immunology And The Importance Of Vaccination

Which part of the immune system does the skin represent?

Quiz Preview

The adaptive immune response differs from innate because it:

The process by which a macrophage engulfs bacteria is called:

Which cell is normally seen during the initial stages of an immune response?

Antibodies are produced by:

Which ONE of the following functions below is commonly used by antibodies?

Which cell type is normally involved in removing viral infected cells?

Which ONE of the following functions below is commonly used by CD4⁺T-cells?

Vaccination helps the immune system by producing:

Vaccination induces immunological memory, which means:

The age-associated decrease in immunity is often called:

Which class of antibody can transfer across the placenta and into the foetus?

Childhood Immunology And The Importance Of Vaccination

Which part of the immune system does the skin represent?

Quiz Preview

The adaptive immune response differs from innate because it:

The process by which a macrophage engulfs bacteria is called:

Which cell is normally seen during the initial stages of an immune response?

Antibodies are produced by:

Which ONE of the following functions below is commonly used by antibodies?

Which cell type is normally involved in removing viral infected cells?

Which ONE of the following functions below is commonly used by CD4+T-cells?

Vaccination helps the immune system by producing:

Vaccination induces immunological memory, which means:

The age-associated decrease in immunity is often called:

Which class of antibody can transfer across the placenta and into the foetus?

Which ONE of the following functions below is commonly used by CD4⁺T-cells?