Chapter 8 Section 1 Assessment

Explanation
During the Middle Ages, the high ranking people with power were monarchs, kings, and nobles. Monarchs were the supreme rulers of their kingdoms, holding absolute power. Kings were the rulers of specific regions or territories, and they held significant authority and influence. Nobles, on the other hand, were aristocrats who held high social status and possessed land and wealth. They played a crucial role in the feudal system, providing military service and loyalty to the monarch or king in exchange for land and protection. Therefore, all of the above options accurately represent the high ranking individuals with power during the Middle Ages.

Explanation
The Anglo-Saxons were a group that conquered most of the Roman colonies in Britain. They were a combination of Germanic tribes who migrated to Britain from what is now Germany and Denmark. They established their own kingdoms and culture, which had a significant impact on the history and development of Britain. The Anglo-Saxon period in Britain lasted from the 5th to the 11th century.

Explanation
William the Conqueror became the King of England in 1066. This year is historically significant because it marks the Norman conquest of England. In the Battle of Hastings, William, Duke of Normandy, defeated King Harold II of England, establishing himself as the new ruler. This event had a profound impact on English history, leading to the Norman influence on culture, language, and governance in England.

Explanation
William the Conqueror's census in 1086 resulted in the creation of The Domesday Book. This book was a comprehensive record of the land and property owned by individuals throughout England. It provided detailed information about the ownership, value, and productivity of each property, serving as a valuable resource for taxation and governance purposes. The Domesday Book is still considered a significant historical document today, providing insights into medieval society and land ownership in England.

Explanation
Henry II's effort to extend royal power led to a conflict with the church over the issue of legal authority. This conflict arose because Henry II wanted to assert his control over the legal system, including the ability to appoint judges and have final say in legal matters. However, the church believed that it had the authority to handle certain legal matters, particularly those involving clergy members. This clash of legal authority between the king and the church resulted in a power struggle and ongoing tensions between the two entities.

Explanation
During Henry II's reign, he introduced two ideas: command laws and the early form of the jury system. Command laws were a set of laws that were issued directly by the king and had to be followed by everyone in the kingdom. This centralized the legal system and gave the king more control over the administration of justice. The early form of the jury system involved the use of a group of local citizens who would provide information and make decisions in legal cases, which eventually evolved into the modern jury system we have today.

Explanation
King John is described as untrustworthy because he was known for breaking promises and betraying his allies. He is considered clever because he was able to navigate the political landscape and maintain his power. He is also described as cruel because he was known for his harsh treatment of his subjects and his enemies. Overall, these characteristics paint a negative picture of King John's reign, highlighting his deceitful nature, cunning intelligence, and brutal actions.

Explanation
During King John's rule around 1205, he faced two major setbacks. Firstly, he was excommunicated by the Pope, which was a significant blow to his authority and legitimacy as a ruler. Secondly, he lost a war against Philip II, which not only resulted in a military defeat but also weakened his position and power. These setbacks undermined King John's rule and had significant consequences for his reign.

Explanation
King John was indeed forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215. The Magna Carta was a document that limited the power of the king and established certain rights for the English nobility. It was a response to King John's oppressive rule and his violation of traditional rights and privileges. A group of rebellious barons pressured him into signing the document at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle. The Magna Carta is considered a significant milestone in the development of constitutional law and individual liberties in England.

Explanation
The Magna Carta was a historic document signed in 1215 by King John of England, which established certain rights and limitations on the power of the monarchy. One of the key provisions of the Magna Carta was that the monarchs were not above the law and had to abide by it. This meant that they were no longer able to rule arbitrarily and had to respect the rights and liberties of their subjects. Therefore, the statement that the Magna Carta made it clear that the monarchs had to obey the law is true.

Explanation
After the Magna Carta was signed, the king could not raise taxes without consulting anyone. The Magna Carta was a document signed in 1215 that limited the powers of the English monarchy and established certain rights for the nobility and citizens. One of the key provisions of the Magna Carta was that the king could not impose taxes without the consent of a council of barons. This was a significant shift in power and ensured that the king could not unilaterally raise taxes without consulting others. Therefore, the statement that the king could still raise taxes without consulting anyone after the Magna Carta was signed is false.

Explanation
Parliament later became England's legislature. This statement is true because historically, Parliament in England evolved from a council of advisors to the king into a legislative body with the power to make and pass laws. Over time, Parliament gained more authority and became the primary institution responsible for making and enacting legislation in England. This transition occurred gradually, starting in the 13th century and culminating with the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in the 17th century.