Chapter 4 Review Salon Fundamentals

A constant electric current flowing in one direction is called a direct current. This means that the flow of electrons is consistent and does not change direction. Unlike alternating current, which changes direction periodically, direct current maintains a steady flow of electrons in one direction. Faradic current and sinusoidal current are not terms used to describe a constant electric current but may refer to specific types of electrical currents with different characteristics.

Before using ultraviolet light on a client, the skin or scalp should be cleansed. This is because cleansing removes any dirt, oil, or other impurities from the surface of the skin, allowing the ultraviolet light to penetrate more effectively. Additionally, cleansing helps to ensure that the client's skin is in a clean and hygienic state before the treatment, reducing the risk of any potential infections or irritations.

A circuit breaker is a device that breaks the flow of current when an overload occurs. It is designed to protect electrical circuits from damage caused by excessive current. When the current exceeds a certain threshold, the circuit breaker automatically trips and interrupts the flow of electricity, preventing further damage to the circuit and potential hazards such as fires or electrical shocks. Unlike fuses, which need to be replaced after they break, circuit breakers can be reset and reused, making them a more convenient and cost-effective option for protecting electrical systems.

The correct answer is "watt" because a watt is a unit of power that measures the rate at which electric energy is being used. It represents the amount of energy consumed per unit of time. The higher the wattage, the more electric energy is being used.

One ampere is equal to 1000 milliamperes. This is because the prefix "milli-" represents one thousandth of a unit. Therefore, to convert from amperes to milliamperes, we multiply by 1000.

Electrotherapy refers to the application of special currents or modalities that have various effects on the skin. This can include electrical stimulation, ultrasound, and other techniques that use electrical currents to treat specific skin conditions or promote healing. Light therapy, chemical therapy, and mechanical therapy are not specifically related to the use of electrical currents in skin treatment.

Sliver and copper are both materials that have high electrical conductivity, meaning they allow the flow of electric current through them easily. This property makes them excellent conductors of electricity. Therefore, they are called conductors.

A negative electrode pole during Galvanic Current application in electrotherapy treatment will produce an increase in blood flow. This is because the negative pole attracts positively charged ions, which includes red blood cells. As a result, blood vessels dilate and more blood is able to flow to the area being treated, increasing blood circulation.

Alcohol does not allow a current to pass through it because it is a poor conductor of electricity. Unlike metals, which have free electrons that can easily move and carry a current, alcohol molecules do not have free electrons available for conduction. Therefore, when an electric potential is applied, alcohol does not allow the flow of electric charges, making it an insulator rather than a conductor.

An insulator is a material that does not allow electric current to pass through it. Materials such as glass, rubber, or paper are examples of insulators. Unlike conductors, which allow the flow of electric charges, insulators prevent the flow of current by tightly holding onto their electrons and not allowing them to move freely. This property makes insulators useful in applications where electrical insulation is needed, such as in electrical wiring or the casing of electronic devices.

Light, heat, chemical, and magnetic changes are all produced by electricity. Electricity is the flow of electrons through a conductor, which can generate various effects. When electricity passes through a filament in a light bulb, it produces light. When it flows through a heating element, it generates heat. In chemical reactions, electricity can cause the decomposition or synthesis of compounds. Additionally, electricity can create magnetic fields when it passes through a wire coil, which is the basis of electromagnets. Therefore, electricity is the correct answer as it is responsible for producing all of these changes.

During an electrotherapy treatment, the electrode that is negatively charged is known as the cathode. The cathode attracts positively charged ions and helps to deliver the desired therapeutic effect. This is because negatively charged ions are attracted to the positively charged electrode, creating a flow of ions and electrical current that can stimulate nerves, muscles, or tissues. The other options, anode, insulator, and grounding wire, do not have a negative charge during electrotherapy treatments.

Ampere is a unit of electric current, which is the flow of electric charge. It measures the strength or intensity of the electric current flowing through a conductor. It is not a unit for pressure, frequency, or resistance. Therefore, the correct answer is strength.

Insulators are materials that do not allow electricity to flow through them. Unlike conductors, which allow the flow of electric current, insulators have high resistance and prevent the movement of electrons. Examples of insulators include rubber, plastic, and glass. Open circuits and closed circuits refer to the paths that electricity can take, but they are not related to the ability of materials to conduct electricity.

Slightly separating the electrode from the skin will produce a mild, stimulating sensation while using High Frequency Current. This is because when the electrode is slightly separated from the skin, the current is able to pass through the air gap, creating a tingling or vibrating sensation on the skin. Wetting the area to be treated, wrapping the electrode, or keeping the electrode in direct contact with the area being tested will not produce the same stimulating sensation.

Desincrustation is an electrotherapy treatment that can cause sebum to be broken down or blackheads to be liquefied, as in deep-pore cleansing. It involves the use of a galvanic current to create a chemical reaction that softens and loosens impurities in the skin, making it easier to extract them. This process helps to unclog pores and improve the overall appearance of the skin.

A conductor is a material that allows the flow of electric current. It contains free electrons that can move easily within the material, facilitating the transfer of electrical charges. This property makes conductors ideal for transporting electricity efficiently. In contrast, insulators have very few free electrons, so they hinder the flow of electric current. A watt is a unit of power, and a prism is an object that can refract light, neither of which are directly related to the transportation of electricity.

The unit of electrical resistance is called an ohm. The ohm is a measure of how much opposition an electrical circuit presents to the flow of current. It is named after the German physicist Georg Simon Ohm, who formulated Ohm's Law, which relates voltage, current, and resistance in a circuit. The ohm is commonly represented by the symbol Ω.

A load is an electrical appliance that is activated by the flow of electric current. It consumes electrical energy and converts it into another form of energy, such as heat or mechanical work. A blow dryer is an example of a load as it uses electric current to produce hot air for drying hair.

Ultraviolet light can kill bacteria that causes skin infections because it has a shorter wavelength and higher energy than visible light. This high energy can disrupt the DNA and other cellular components of the bacteria, leading to their death. Infrared light, fluorescent light, and incandescent light do not have the same energy levels as ultraviolet light, so they are not as effective in killing bacteria.

The correct answer is "iontophoresis". Iontophoresis is the process of forcing an acid or alkali into the skin by applying current to the chemical. It is commonly used in medical and cosmetic treatments to deliver medication or other substances into the body through the skin. Phoresis, anaphoresis, and cataphoresis are not specific terms related to this process.

In this scenario, the client is holding the active electrode while the cosmetologist stimulates the treated area manually. This method is known as indirect application of Tesla Current.

Faradic current is a type of electrical stimulation that is used to cause muscle contractions. It works by delivering small electrical impulses to the muscles, which causes them to contract and relax. This can be beneficial for various purposes such as muscle strengthening, rehabilitation, and pain relief. The other options mentioned, soothing effects, chemical effects, and the transfer of heat, are not the primary purposes of using Faradic current.

Galvanic current is the correct answer because it is a type of direct current used in electrotherapy treatments. Galvanic current involves the flow of a constant, unidirectional current, which can have various therapeutic effects on the body. It is commonly used for purposes such as pain relief, muscle stimulation, and iontophoresis. The other options listed (Tesla, Faradic, and Sinusoidal) are not types of direct current used in electrotherapy treatments.

Ultraviolet rays are also known as actinic rays. Actinic rays refer to the type of radiation that has a shorter wavelength than visible light and can cause chemical reactions, such as sunburn and skin damage. Ultraviolet rays are commonly associated with sunlight and are divided into three categories: UVA, UVB, and UVC. UVA rays have the longest wavelength and are responsible for skin aging, while UVB rays have a medium wavelength and are responsible for sunburn. UVC rays have the shortest wavelength and are mostly absorbed by the Earth's ozone layer.

A volt is a unit of electric pressure. It measures the amount of force or pressure that pushes electric current through a circuit. It represents the potential difference between two points in a circuit and is used to measure the intensity or strength of an electric field.

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Using infrared light during a facial increases circulation. Infrared light has the ability to penetrate the skin and reach the deeper layers, stimulating blood flow and improving circulation. This increased circulation brings more oxygen and nutrients to the skin cells, promoting cell renewal and overall skin health. It can also help to flush out toxins and reduce inflammation, leading to a brighter and healthier complexion.

Galvanic current is a type of electrical current used in certain therapeutic treatments. It has various effects on the body, but one of the temporary effects it does not have is softening tissues. Galvanic current can soothe nerves, produce an acidic reaction, and slow blood flow by contracting vessels, but it does not have the ability to soften tissues.

The longest wavelengths in the visible spectrum are red rays. This is because red light has the lowest frequency and energy among the visible colors. Wavelength and frequency are inversely related, so longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequencies. Red light has a wavelength of approximately 620-750 nanometers, which is longer than the wavelengths of other visible colors such as violet, yellow, and ultraviolet rays.

Infrared rays are responsible for producing pure heat. Unlike white light, actinic rays, and ultraviolet rays, which have different properties and purposes, infrared rays specifically generate heat.

High Frequency current can be adjusted to different voltages and is commonly used to produce heat in various applications. It is often used in medical treatments, such as diathermy, where it is used to generate heat in the body tissues. High Frequency current has the ability to penetrate deeper into the tissues, making it an effective method for producing heat. It is also used in industries for heating purposes, such as in induction heating systems. Therefore, High Frequency current is the correct answer as it meets the criteria of being adjustable to different voltages and used for heat production.

A combination of light refers to white light, which is made up of a mixture of different wavelengths. When white light passes through a prism, it gets refracted and separates into its individual wavelengths, forming a spectrum of colors. This phenomenon is known as dispersion. Therefore, the correct answer is combination.

Tesla is the correct answer because high frequency and alternating current are characteristics of Tesla electrotherapy. Tesla electrotherapy uses high frequency currents that alternate in direction, which can produce various physiological effects such as muscle stimulation, pain relief, and tissue healing. This type of electrotherapy is often used in physical therapy and rehabilitation settings.

Tesla is known as the violet ray because it refers to the high frequency current that Nikola Tesla developed. This current is often associated with violet-colored light and is used in various applications such as medical treatments and electrical experiments.

Sinusoidal current is an alternating current that has a mechanical effect to help produce muscle contractions. This type of current is commonly used in medical treatments such as electrotherapy and muscle stimulation. It produces a smooth and regular waveform that mimics the natural electrical activity of the body, making it effective in stimulating muscles and promoting muscle contractions.