Chapter 36 Microbiology

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7. The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act identifies select agents and categorizes them as either level 1, 2, or 3.

True

False

8. After an infectious disease has been identified in a population, the next step is to correlate the disease outbreak with a specific organism.

True

False

9. Active immunization of a population will raise the general level of herd immunity.

True

False

10. Nosocomial infections are ones that develop within any health care facility.

True

False

11. Antigens in vaccines are mixed with an adjuvant to enhance the rate and degree of immunization.

True

False

12. Vaccines using inactivated pathogens do not stimulate cell-mediated immunity as effectively as vaccines using attenuated pathogens.

True

False

13. An infection that is incubating in a patient at the time of admission and which develops clinical symptoms during the patient's stay in a health care facility is not considered nosocomial.

True

False

14. An autogenous infection is one that is caused by an agent derived from the microbiota of a hospital patient regardless of whether it became part of the patient's microbiota before or after hospital admission.

True

False

15. The __________ rate refers to the total number of individuals infected at any one time regardless of when the disease began.

Prevalence

Morbidity

Mortality

Index

16. __________ are the leading cause of nosocomial diseases.

Bacteria

Viruses

Protozoa

Fungi

17. The sudden, unexpected occurrence of a disease in a limited segment of a population is called a(n)

Outbreak

Incident

Epidemic

Sporadic disease.

18. Diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans are called

animal and human diseases.

Zoonoses.

Communicable diseases. 

contagious diseases.

19. A(n) __________ is an increase in disease occurrence within a large population over a very wide region (usually the world).

Endemic

Pandemic

Epidemic

Sporadic disease

20. A __________ epidemic is characterized by a relatively slow and prolonged rise then a gradual decline in the number of individuals infected.

Propagated

Common-source

Herd

Sporadic

21. The site or natural environmental location in which the causative organism is normally found is called the

Reservoir

Source

Carrier

Animate phase.

22. An infected individual who is a potential source of infection for others and plays an important role in the epidemiology of the disease is a

Carrier

Reservoir

Host

Index case.

23. The intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, and plants is known as

Chemical warfare.

Bioterrorism.

Zoonosis

All of the choices

24. An infectious disease may

Be mild.

Be severe. 

Kill the host.

all of the choices

25. Which type of epidemic usually results from a single contaminated source such as food?

Propagated

Common-source

Herd

Sporadic

26. The __________ rate is the relationship of the number of deaths from a given disease to the total number of cases of the disease.

Prevalence

Morbidity

Mortality

Index

27. The first case in an epidemic is called the

Break case.

Index case.

prime case.

Alpha case.

28. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that __________ of all hospital patients acquire some type of nosocomial infection.

About 1%

About 10%

About 20%

About 50%

29. An epidemic is

a disease that maintains a steady low level frequency. 

When a disease occurs occasionally and at erratic intervals in the human population.

A sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease above the expected level.

A sudden unexpected occurrence of a disease in a limited segment of a population.

30. A __________ rate measures the number of individuals who become ill as a result of a specific disease within a susceptible population during a specific time period.

Prevalence 

Morbidity

Mortality

Index

31. Which type of epidemic usually results from the introduction of a single infected individual into a susceptible population?

Propagated

Common-source  

Herd

Sporadic

32. Chlorination of water supplies represents an epidemiological technique directed at

Eliminating susceptible individuals.  

Eliminating sources of infection.  

Sterilizing water.  

improving the palatability of water.

33. The science of epidemiology

Evaluates the control of disease in a defined population.  

Evolved in relation to the great epidemic diseases.

Embraces all diseases.

All of these

34. When a disease maintains a relatively steady, low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval, it is called

Sporadic

Hyperendemic

Endemic

An epidemic.

35. The first epidemiologist was

Robert Koch.

Louis Pasteur.

John Snow.

Edward Jenner.

36. Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate the source of an infection?

Treatment of sewage to reduce water contamination  

Destruction of vectors by spraying insecticides  

destruction of an animal reservoir of the infectious agent

All of the choices are used to reduce or eliminate the source of an infection.

37. A __________ epidemic is characterized by a sharp rise to a peak then a rapid, but not as pronounced, decline in the number of individuals infected.

Propagated

Common-source

Herd

Sporadic

38. ___________ immunity is an epidemiological concept that explains the resistance of a population to infection and the spread of an infectious organism due to the immunity of a high percentage of the population.

Natural

Experimental

Herd

Innate

39. Public health surveillance is the proactive evaluation of

Genetic background.

Environmental conditions.

Human behaviors and lifestyle choices.

Emerging infectious agents.

All of the choices

40. Which of the following contributes to the emergence of new diseases?

Rapid transportation systems and the mobility of the population

Ecological disruption such as the loss of predators and the destruction of rain forests 

increased drug usage and sexual promiscuity

All of the choices

41. The most common nosocomial infections are

respiratory tract infections.

Urinary tract infections.

Gastrointestinal tract infections.

Skin infections.

42. Which of the following is the major focus of epidemiologists?

The discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence

The development of methods for disease prevention  

Measuring the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents

Both the discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence and the development of methods for disease prevention

Both the discovery of factors essential to disease occurrence and measuring the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents

Both the development of methods for disease prevention and measuring the level of resistance to antimicrobial agents

43. Which of the following is a mechanism by which new susceptible individuals enter a population?

Birth of new individuals  

Migration of individuals into the population  

enhancement of immune systems through immunization  

Birth of new individuals and migration of individuals into the population

44. The sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease above the expected level is called

Sporadic.

Hyperendemic. 

Endemic

An epidemic.

45. Surveillance of health issues is typically accomplished by two methods: population surveys and antibiotic treatment.

True

False

46. Most organisms that cause nosocomial infections come from endogenous sources.

True

False

47. A major, genetically determined change in the antigenic character of a pathogen is called antigenic drift.

True

False

48. Which of the following is considered a newly emerging disease?

Escherichia coli O157:H7  

Cryptosporidiosis

Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

All of the above

49. An organism that is able to be transmitted from one host to another is said to be

Infective

Virulent

Pathogenic

Communicable

50. Precautions that can be taken by individuals to prevent travel-related infectious diseases include

Wash hands with soap and water frequently.

get or update vaccinations appropriate for specific destinations.  

Take antibiotics prophylactically for potential bacterial infections.

Wash hands with soap and water frequently and get or update vaccinations appropriate for specific destinations.

Chapter 36 Microbiology

1. The location where a disease-causing organism is normally found is called the __________.

2.

What first name or nickname would you like us to use?

2. It is likely that an act of _________ will be defined by a sudden spike in an unusual disease reported to the public health system.

3. Living transmitters of an infectious organism from one host to another are called __________.

4. The immediate location from which a disease-causing organism is transmitted to a host either directly or through an intermediate is called the __________.

5. Of the approximately 12 million deaths in the developed countries per year, only about ___________ (about 4%) are due to infectious diseases.

6. The cause of a disease is referred to as the disease __________.

7. The Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act identifies select agents and categorizes them as either level 1, 2, or 3.

8. After an infectious disease has been identified in a population, the next step is to correlate the disease outbreak with a specific organism.

9. Active immunization of a population will raise the general level of herd immunity.

10. Nosocomial infections are ones that develop within any health care facility.

11. Antigens in vaccines are mixed with an adjuvant to enhance the rate and degree of immunization.

12. Vaccines using inactivated pathogens do not stimulate cell-mediated immunity as effectively as vaccines using attenuated pathogens.

13. An infection that is incubating in a patient at the time of admission and which develops clinical symptoms during the patient's stay in a health care facility is not considered nosocomial.

14. An autogenous infection is one that is caused by an agent derived from the microbiota of a hospital patient regardless of whether it became part of the patient's microbiota before or after hospital admission.

15. The __________ rate refers to the total number of individuals infected at any one time regardless of when the disease began.

16. __________ are the leading cause of nosocomial diseases.

17. The sudden, unexpected occurrence of a disease in a limited segment of a population is called a(n)

18. Diseases of animals that can be transmitted to humans are called

19. A(n) __________ is an increase in disease occurrence within a large population over a very wide region (usually the world).

20. A __________ epidemic is characterized by a relatively slow and prolonged rise then a gradual decline in the number of individuals infected.

21. The site or natural environmental location in which the causative organism is normally found is called the

22. An infected individual who is a potential source of infection for others and plays an important role in the epidemiology of the disease is a

23. The intentional or threatened use of viruses, bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, and plants is known as

24. An infectious disease may

25. Which type of epidemic usually results from a single contaminated source such as food?

26. The __________ rate is the relationship of the number of deaths from a given disease to the total number of cases of the disease.

27. The first case in an epidemic is called the

28. The Centers for Disease Control estimate that __________ of all hospital patients acquire some type of nosocomial infection.

29. An epidemic is

30. A __________ rate measures the number of individuals who become ill as a result of a specific disease within a susceptible population during a specific time period.

31. Which type of epidemic usually results from the introduction of a single infected individual into a susceptible population?

32. Chlorination of water supplies represents an epidemiological technique directed at

33. The science of epidemiology

34. When a disease maintains a relatively steady, low-level frequency at a moderately regular interval, it is called

35. The first epidemiologist was

36. Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate the source of an infection?

37. A __________ epidemic is characterized by a sharp rise to a peak then a rapid, but not as pronounced, decline in the number of individuals infected.

38. ___________ immunity is an epidemiological concept that explains the resistance of a population to infection and the spread of an infectious organism due to the immunity of a high percentage of the population.

39. Public health surveillance is the proactive evaluation of

40. Which of the following contributes to the emergence of new diseases?

41. The most common nosocomial infections are

42. Which of the following is the major focus of epidemiologists?

43. Which of the following is a mechanism by which new susceptible individuals enter a population?

44. The sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease above the expected level is called

45. Surveillance of health issues is typically accomplished by two methods: population surveys and antibiotic treatment.

46. Most organisms that cause nosocomial infections come from endogenous sources.

47. A major, genetically determined change in the antigenic character of a pathogen is called antigenic drift.

48. Which of the following is considered a newly emerging disease?

49. An organism that is able to be transmitted from one host to another is said to be

50. Precautions that can be taken by individuals to prevent travel-related infectious diseases include