Chapter 27 - Fluid, Electrolyte, And Acid-base Homeostasis

Buffers are substances that act to prevent rapid, drastic changes in the pH of body fluids. They help maintain a stable pH by accepting or donating hydrogen ions (H+) to regulate the acidity or alkalinity of the solution. Therefore, the correct answer is 5 - buffers.

Dehydration occurs when there is a greater loss of water than the gain of water. This can happen due to various reasons such as excessive sweating, diarrhea, vomiting, or inadequate fluid intake. Dehydration can lead to symptoms like thirst, dry mouth, fatigue, dizziness, and dark-colored urine. It can also result in electrolyte imbalances and can be a serious condition if left untreated.

Excessive sodium in the diet or dehydration can lead to hypernatremia. This condition occurs when there is an imbalance of sodium and water in the body, causing an increase in sodium levels. Hypernatremia can result in symptoms such as thirst, dry mouth, and confusion. It is important to maintain a balanced diet and stay hydrated to prevent this condition.

Sodium is the most abundant extracellular cation and is essential in fluid and electrolyte balance. It helps maintain proper hydration levels and is involved in nerve and muscle function. Sodium is also important for maintaining blood pressure and pH balance in the body.

Hyperphosphatemia is the condition characterized by an abnormally high level of phosphate in the blood. It can occur during renal failure or destruction of body cells, which releases phosphates into the blood. This explanation aligns with the given information in the question and provides a clear understanding of why choice 12, hyperphosphatemia, is the correct answer.

Hypokalemia, or low potassium levels, can be caused by decreased potassium intake or kidney disease. It results in muscle fatigue, increased urine output, and changes in the electrocardiogram.

Respiratory acidosis occurs when there is an excess of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream due to inadequate ventilation. This can be caused by conditions such as emphysema, pulmonary edema, injury to the respiratory center of the medulla oblongata, airway destruction, or disorders of the muscles involved in breathing. These conditions can lead to impaired gas exchange and retention of carbon dioxide, resulting in an acidic pH in the blood.

Excessive vomiting of gastric contents, gastric suctioning, use of certain diuretics, severe dehydration, or excessive intake of alkaline drugs can cause metabolic alkalosis.

Inorganic substances that dissociate into ions when in solution are called electrolytes.

Potassium is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid and plays a key role in establishing the resting membrane potential.

Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body and plays important roles in various physiological processes. It is crucial for blood clotting, as it is required for the activation of clotting factors. Calcium also plays a role in neurotransmitter release, allowing for proper communication between nerve cells. Additionally, it is involved in maintaining muscle tone and the excitability of both nervous and muscle tissue. Overall, calcium is essential for the proper functioning of the body.

Metabolic acidosis can be caused by the actual loss of bicarbonate ions, ketosis, or failure of kidneys to excrete H+. This condition occurs when there is an excess of acid in the body or a decrease in bicarbonate levels, leading to a decrease in blood pH. It can result from conditions such as diabetic ketoacidosis, kidney disease, or severe diarrhea. The correct answer, choice 3, aligns with this explanation.

An abnormal increase in the volume of interstitial fluid is known as edema.

Hypocalcemia refers to low levels of calcium in the blood. It can occur from hypoparathyroidism, which is a condition where the parathyroid glands do not produce enough parathyroid hormone. Parathyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating calcium levels in the body. When there is a deficiency of this hormone, it can lead to hypocalcemia. Therefore, choice 13, hypocalcemia, is the correct answer.

Respiratory alkalosis is a condition that occurs when there is a decrease in carbon dioxide levels in the blood, leading to an increase in pH. This can be caused by various factors such as oxygen deficiency at high altitudes, stroke, or severe anxiety. In these situations, the body may hyperventilate, causing excessive elimination of carbon dioxide. This results in a decrease in carbonic acid in the blood, leading to an increase in pH and the development of respiratory alkalosis.

The phosphate buffer system consists of the H2PO4- and HPO42- ions, which can act as both weak acids and weak bases. In the cytosol, these ions can accept or donate protons, helping to maintain a stable pH. This buffer system is crucial for maintaining the pH balance within cells, as it prevents drastic changes in pH that could disrupt cellular processes. Therefore, the statement that the phosphate buffer system is an important regulator of pH in the cytosol is true.

Hypovolemia is a condition that can occur as water moves out of plasma into interstitial fluid and blood volume decreases. Hypovolemia refers to a decreased volume of blood in the body, which can be caused by excessive fluid loss, such as through dehydration. This condition can lead to symptoms such as low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, and dizziness.

In the carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system, bicarbonate ion acts as a weak base because it can accept a proton (H+) to form carbonic acid. On the other hand, carbonic acid acts as a weak acid because it can donate a proton (H+) to form bicarbonate ion. This buffer system helps maintain the pH balance in the body by regulating the concentration of hydrogen ions.

Chloride is the most prevalent extracellular anion and can help balance the level of anions in different fluid compartments.

The correct answer is 1, 2, 3. The antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps regulate fluid loss by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. Aldosterone also plays a role in regulating fluid balance by increasing sodium reabsorption and water retention in the kidneys. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is released by the heart in response to increased blood volume and helps promote fluid loss by increasing urine production and reducing sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

Bicarbonate is the second most prevalent extracellular anion in the body and is mainly regulated by the kidneys. It plays a crucial role in maintaining acid-base balance within the body.

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The swelling of cells due to water moving from plasma into interstitial fluid and then into cells is known as water intoxication.

Magnesium is the second most common intracellular cation and acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in various metabolic processes such as carbohydrate, protein, and Na+/K+ ATPase metabolism.

The primary means of regulating body water gain is adjusting the volume of water intake. This is because the body needs a certain amount of water to function properly, and any excess or deficiency can disrupt the balance. By adjusting the volume of water intake, the body can ensure that it is getting enough water to meet its needs and maintain homeostasis. Other factors such as metabolic water formation and use also play a role, but the volume of water intake is the primary factor in regulating body water gain.

Water can be found in various compartments in the body, including plasma (the liquid portion of blood) and cytosol (the intracellular fluid within cells). Therefore, the statement that water can be found in plasma and cytosol is true.

Hyponatremia refers to a lower-than-normal concentration of sodium in the blood. Excessive water intake or water intoxication can dilute the sodium levels in the blood, leading to hyponatremia. This condition can also be caused by aldosterone deficiency, which is a hormone responsible for regulating sodium and water balance in the body. Therefore, choice 11, hyponatremia, is the correct answer in this case.

Metabolic water refers to the water produced as a byproduct of metabolic processes in living organisms. During aerobic cellular respiration, water is produced as a result of the breakdown of glucose and other molecules. Dehydration synthesis, on the other hand, involves the formation of larger molecules by removing water. Therefore, both aerobic cellular respiration and dehydration synthesis contribute to the production of metabolic water.

Hypoventilation refers to inadequate ventilation of the lungs, resulting in decreased oxygen intake and increased carbon dioxide levels in the body. This leads to respiratory acidosis, not respiratory alkalosis. In respiratory alkalosis, there is excessive ventilation, leading to low carbon dioxide levels and high pH in the blood. Therefore, the mismatched pair in this question is hypoventilation: respiratory alkalosis.

A decreased production of saliva can lead to a dry mouth, which can trigger thirst. An increase in osmolarity of body fluids indicates a higher concentration of solutes in the blood, which can also stimulate thirst. Angiotensin II release is a hormone that can cause vasoconstriction and increase blood pressure, leading to thirst. Therefore, options 1, 3, and 4 are correct as they all stimulate thirst.

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