Chapter 23 Africa And The Middle East 1945-present Form B

Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa after spending almost 26 years in prison. His long imprisonment was a result of his activism against apartheid, a system of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa. Mandela's release from prison in 1990 marked the beginning of a new era for South Africa, leading to negotiations for the end of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic government. Mandela's presidency from 1994 to 1999 was characterized by efforts to promote reconciliation and equality in a country that had been deeply divided by racial tensions.

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was the shah of Iran who was overthrown by Muslim forces. This suggests that the correct answer is Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. The other options mentioned, such as Chinua Achebe, wabenzi, and Zionists, are unrelated to the overthrow of the shah of Iran and therefore cannot be the correct answer.

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini is the correct answer because he became the leader of the Islamic republic in Iran after the overthrow of the Shah. He was a prominent figure in the Iranian Revolution of 1979 and played a crucial role in establishing an Islamic government in Iran. Khomeini was highly influential and his leadership shaped the political and religious landscape of Iran for many years to come.

During 2006, more than 28 million people in Africa south of Sahara had become infected with the virus that causes AIDS. This answer is supported by the fact that AIDS is a viral infection that spreads through the transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Malaria, smallpox, and tuberculosis are not caused by a virus, so they cannot be the correct answer.

Desmond Tutu is the correct answer because he is a South African bishop who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984. He is known for his activism against apartheid in South Africa and his efforts to promote peace and reconciliation. Tutu played a significant role in the country's transition to democracy and has been a strong advocate for human rights and social justice.

The correct answer is Zionists. Zionists are individuals who support the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. They believe in the right of Jews to have their own state and have actively advocated for the creation of Israel. The Zionist movement emerged in the late 19th century and played a significant role in the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948.

Ghana was the first African nation to gain independence from British colonial rule. This occurred on March 6, 1957, making Ghana a pioneer in the decolonization process in Africa. Led by Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's independence marked a significant milestone in the fight against colonialism and inspired other African nations to strive for their own independence.

Modern African cultures are characterized by the tension between traditional ways and modern Western culture. This is because Africa has a rich history and diverse cultural traditions that have been shaped by centuries of indigenous practices and customs. However, with the influence of colonization and globalization, Western culture has also made its way into African societies, bringing with it new ideas, values, and practices. This tension between tradition and modernity can be seen in various aspects of African life, including language, religion, clothing, and social norms.

Chinua Achebe is a Nigerian novelist, known for his influential work in African literature. He is most famous for his novel "Things Fall Apart," which explores the effects of colonialism on traditional African society. Achebe's writing is characterized by his deep understanding of the complexities of African culture and his ability to challenge Western stereotypes. His work has had a significant impact on African literature and has helped to shape the global understanding of African history and culture.

Afrikaners refers to South African whites of Dutch descent. This term specifically identifies a cultural and ethnic group in South Africa that originated from Dutch settlers who arrived in the 17th century. The Afrikaners played a significant role in the country's history, particularly during the apartheid era, where they were the dominant political group. They have their own language, Afrikaans, and have made significant contributions to South African literature, politics, and society.

Anwar el-Sadat is the correct answer because he was the Egyptian president who was involved in the Camp David Accords. These accords were signed in 1978 and were a historic peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, mediated by the United States. Sadat's involvement in these negotiations played a crucial role in establishing peace between the two countries and earned him a Nobel Peace Prize.

Yasir Arafat is the correct answer because he was the leader of both the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Palestinian Authority. Arafat played a significant role in the Palestinian national movement, advocating for the establishment of a Palestinian state and negotiating peace agreements with Israel. He served as the chairman of the PLO from 1969 until his death in 2004 and was the first president of the Palestinian Authority from 1994 to 2004. Arafat's leadership and influence in the Palestinian struggle for self-determination make him the correct choice for this question.

The correct answer is an African form of socialism. Julius Nyerere, the Tanzanian president, was known for promoting an ideology called Ujamaa, which advocated for a self-reliant, communal, and socialist society in Tanzania. This ideology aimed to address the economic disparities and inequalities that existed in the country by promoting collective ownership and cooperation among its citizens. Nyerere believed that through this African form of socialism, Tanzania could achieve economic development, social equality, and national unity.

The term intifada refers to the PLO protests in the 1980s, which aimed to achieve an independent Palestinian state. The word "uprising" accurately captures the essence of these protests, as it denotes a spontaneous and organized rebellion against the existing authority. The term "solidarity" implies unity and support, which although may have been present among the protesters, does not fully encompass the nature of the intifada. "Reform" and "freedom" are not specific enough to describe the PLO protests and their goals.

Wabenzi is a nickname commonly used in East Africa to refer to wealthy individuals who flaunt their wealth by driving expensive cars, particularly Mercedes Benz. This term originated in Tanzania and has since spread to other East African countries. The term is a combination of the words "Waheshimiwa" (meaning "honorable" or "dignitary" in Swahili) and "benz" (short for Mercedes Benz). It is used to describe the ostentatious lifestyle and show-off behavior of the rich.

During the Iran hostage crisis from 1979 to 1981, 52 Americans were held captive in the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Iran. The crisis began when Iranian militants stormed the embassy and took the American diplomats and staff members hostage. The hostages were released after 444 days, following negotiations and the signing of the Algiers Accords. This event strained the relations between the United States and Iran for many years.

The writer implies that the prisoners were not guilty of serious crimes. This can be inferred from the fact that some of the prisoners were men of title who should be above such mean occupation, indicating that they were wrongly imprisoned and their punishment was unjust. Additionally, the prisoners were grieved by the indignity and mourned for their neglected farms, suggesting that they were innocent individuals who were forced to work and endure mistreatment in the prison.

The Suez War of 1956 involved the nations of Israel, Great Britain, France, and Egypt. This conflict arose when Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal, which had been controlled by a British-French company. Israel saw an opportunity to attack Egypt and gain control of the Sinai Peninsula, while Britain and France sought to regain control of the canal. The United States and Germany were not directly involved in the conflict, and neither were the Soviet Union, Syria, or Somalia.

Islamic revivalism refers to a movement that aims to revive and strengthen Islamic beliefs, practices, and values among Muslims. Many Middle Eastern Muslims see this movement as a way to reassert their Muslim identity and values, which may have been diluted or marginalized in the face of Western influence or secularism. This movement does not necessarily advocate for the creation of a single, unified Islamic state or the spread of Islam in the Middle East, but rather focuses on internal rejuvenation within the Muslim community.

F. W. de Klerk is the correct answer because he was the South African president who made the decision to allow free democratic elections in 1993. This decision was a significant milestone in South Africa's history as it marked the end of apartheid and paved the way for Nelson Mandela to become the country's first black president. De Klerk's willingness to negotiate and embrace democratic reforms played a crucial role in the peaceful transition of power in South Africa.

The correct answer is disputes over religious differences. Tensions between Iran and Iraq have been fueled by their differing religious beliefs and practices. Iran is predominantly Shia Muslim, while Iraq is predominantly Sunni Muslim. This religious divide has led to conflicts and power struggles between the two countries, as each seeks to assert its influence and protect its interests in the region. These disputes over religious differences have been a major factor in the ongoing tensions between Iran and Iraq.

The passage states that the Suez Canal Company, which is an Egyptian company, was taken away from Egypt by the British and they have been obtaining the profits of the company. Therefore, it can be inferred that the British have been profiting the most from the canal.

The correct answer is 1/20. This means that approximately 1/20th or 5% of the natural gas consumed by the United States in 1980 was imported from other countries. This can be inferred from the chart on the previous page, which likely provides data on the total natural gas consumption and the amount that was imported.

Botswanan and Namibia have the shortest life expectancy among the given African countries. This can be inferred from the answer options provided. The other options do not include Botswana and Namibia, indicating that these two countries have the shortest life expectancy compared to the others mentioned.

South Africa has the highest percentage of adults who can read based on the information provided in the chart.

The passage states that the prisoners in the prison were men of title who should be above doing manual labor. This suggests that they were not guilty of serious crimes, as men of title would typically not be involved in such offenses. Additionally, the passage mentions that the prisoners were grieved by the indignity of their situation, implying that they did not deserve to be treated in this manner. Therefore, the correct answer is that the prisoners were not guilty of serious crimes.