.
Chymotrypsin
Elastase
Enteropeptidase
Secretin
Trypsin
Enteropeptidase
Hexokinase
Papain
Pepsin
Secretin
Chymotrypsinogen
Pepsin
Pepsinogen
Trypsin
Trypsinogen
Decarboxylation requiring thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
Hydroxylation requiring NADPH and O2.
Oxidative deamination requiring NAD+.
Reduction requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
Transamination requiring pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
Niacin.
Pyridoxine (vitamin B6).
Riboflavin.
Thiamin.
Vitamin B12.
Biotin phosphate.
Lipoic acid.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+).
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
Biotin.
NADH.
No coenzyme is involved.
Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP).
Acetylation.
Desulfuration.
Methylation.
Reduction.
Transamination.
It is similar to transamination in that it involves the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP).
NH4 + is produced.
The enzyme can use either NAD+ or NADP+ as a cofactor.
The enzyme is glutamate-specific, but the reaction is involved in oxidizing other amino acids.
-Ketoglutarate is produced from an amino acid.
Deamination.
Hydrolysis.
Oxidative deamination.
Reductive deamination.
Transamination.
Does not require any cofactors.
Is a reductive deamination.
Is accompanied by ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by the same enzyme.
Is catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase.
Requires ATP.
1 and 4
1, 2, and 4
1, 3, and 5
2, 4, and 5
4 and 5
Brain.
Kidney
Liver
Skeletal muscle
Small intestine
Asparate
ATP
Carbamoyl phosphate
Malate
Ornithine
Adenine
Aspartate
Creatine
Glutamate
Ornithine
Aspartate.
Carnitine.
Pyruvate.
Tyrosine.
Urea.
Cleavage of urea to ammonia.
Formation of citrulline from ornithine and another reactant.
Formation of ornithine from citrulline and another reactant.
Formation of urea from arginine.
Transamination of arginine.
Krebs was a major contributor to the elucidation of the pathway involved.
The amino acid arginine is the immediate precursor to urea.
The carbon atom of urea is derived from mitochondrial HCO3 –.
The precursor to one of the nitrogens of urea is aspartate.
The process of urea production is an energy-yielding series of reactions.
Alanine
Aspartic acid
Aspargenine
Serine
Threorine
High carbohydrate, very low protein
Very high carbohydrate, no protein, no fat
Very very high fat, high carbohydrate, no protein
Very high fat, very low protein
Very low carbohydrate, very high protein
Glutamic acid
Serine
Thronine
Tyrosine
Proline
1 and 5
1, 3 and 5
2 and 4
2, 3 and 4
2, 4 and 5
Electrons
H+
Acyl groups
One carbon units
NH2 groups
Fumarate.
Pyruvate.
Succinate.
-ketoglutarate.
None of the above.
Oxaloacetate.
Propionate.
Pyruvate.
Succinate.
Succinyl-CoA.
Deficiency of protein in the diet.
Inability to catabolize ketone bodies.
Inability to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.
Inability to synthesize phenylalanine.
Production of enzymes containing no phenylalanine.
A deficiency of the vitamin niacin.
Oxidative decarboxylation.
Synthesis of branched chain amino acids.
Transamination of an amino acid.
Uptake of branched chain amino acids into liver.
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