Chapter 12 Test: Erosion And Deposition

Mass movement refers to the movement of any material downslope that is controlled by gravity. This can include various types of movements such as landslides, rockfalls, and soil creep. Gravity acts as the driving force behind mass movement, causing materials to move downhill. This process is influenced by factors such as the slope angle, the type of material involved, and the presence of water. Mass movement can have significant impacts on the landscape, including the creation of landforms such as valleys and cliffs.

Wind storms can produce many large ocean waves because strong winds blowing across the surface of the ocean create friction, which transfers energy to the water. This energy is then transferred to the water molecules, causing them to move in a circular motion and form waves. The stronger the wind, the more energy is transferred, resulting in larger and more powerful waves. Therefore, wind storms are a major factor in the formation of large ocean waves.

Deposition takes place when materials are dropped. This process occurs when sediments, such as sand, silt, or clay, are transported by wind, water, or ice and then settle or accumulate in a new location. Deposition is the opposite of erosion, where materials are being transported and removed from a specific area.

The most common beach material is light-colored sand. This is because sand is formed from the weathering and erosion of rocks, and the most common type of rock found on Earth's surface is igneous rock, which tends to have light-colored minerals. As these rocks break down over time, the smaller particles are carried by rivers and streams to the ocean, where they are deposited along the coastline to form beaches. Light-colored sand is more common than pebbles and larger rocks because the smaller particles are easier to transport and deposit. Black sand, on the other hand, is less common and usually found in volcanic areas where the lava has cooled and broken down into small, dark-colored particles.

Calving is not an example of a process of wind erosion because it refers to the process in which chunks of ice break off from the edge of a glacier or ice shelf and fall into the water. This process is caused by the melting of ice and is not related to the action of wind. On the other hand, deflation and saltation are both examples of wind erosion processes. Deflation refers to the lifting and removal of loose particles from the ground surface by wind, while saltation is the process of small particles being lifted and bounced along the ground by wind.

The distance between two waves is referred to as the wave length.

Erosion is the correct answer because it refers to the process of material being moved from one place to another. This can occur through various agents such as water, wind, ice, or gravity. Erosion is responsible for shaping the Earth's surface by wearing away rocks and soil, and transporting them to new locations. Deposition, on the other hand, is the opposite process where eroded material is deposited or laid down in a new location.

Antarctica is the correct answer because it is home to the world's largest ice sheet. The continent is covered in a thick layer of ice, with the Antarctic ice sheet containing about 90% of the world's ice and 70% of its fresh water. This ice sheet is massive, with an average thickness of about 1.9 kilometers and covering an area of over 14 million square kilometers. It is larger than the ice sheet in Greenland or any other ice-covered region on Earth.

Dust storms can occur when the wind erodes exposed soil or when there is a lack of plants to cover and protect the soil. Both factors contribute to the soil becoming loose and easily lifted by the wind, resulting in dust storms.

Abrasion is a process of erosion caused by wind. Wind can carry and transport particles such as sand and small rocks, which then collide with and wear away the surface of rocks and other materials. This process is particularly common in arid and desert regions where strong winds constantly blow and cause the abrasion of rocks and landforms.

A falling wave is called a breaker because when a wave reaches a certain height, it becomes unstable and collapses, creating a breaking effect. This breaking wave is commonly referred to as a breaker.

Surf refers to breaking waves. This term specifically refers to the waves that are formed when the swells approach the shore and break, creating a foamy and turbulent mass of water. The breaking waves are typically seen in coastal areas and are popular among surfers for riding and performing various maneuvers.

Desert pavement refers to the heavy rocks that are left behind after wind erosion in a desert environment. These rocks form a layer on the surface, protecting the underlying soil from further erosion. This phenomenon occurs when the wind removes the finer particles of sand and dust, leaving behind larger rocks and pebbles. The desert pavement acts as a natural armor, preventing further erosion and creating a stable surface in the desert landscape.

Deflation refers to the process of lifting and removing fine sediment by wind. It occurs when the wind blows over loose sediment, causing it to be lifted and transported away. This process is commonly observed in arid and desert regions where there is a lack of vegetation to anchor the sediment in place. The force of the wind is able to pick up and carry the fine particles, resulting in the erosion and removal of the top layer of sediment.

Offshore deposits typically refer to landforms or features that are formed by the deposition of sediment in bodies of water, such as sand bars and barrier spits. A sea cave, on the other hand, is a type of coastal landform that is formed through erosion by the action of waves, rather than deposition of sediment. Therefore, a sea cave is not considered a common offshore deposit.

A lahar is a term used to describe a mass movement of volcanic origin. It refers to a type of mudflow or debris flow that occurs when volcanic ash and other materials mix with water, either from heavy rainfall or the melting of snow and ice on the volcano. This mixture can travel rapidly down the slopes of a volcano, often following existing river valleys, and can cause significant damage and destruction to the surrounding areas. Therefore, lahar is the correct answer to the question.

A deflation hollow is not a landform created by an alpine glacier. Alpine glaciers are responsible for the formation of cirques and horns through erosion and deposition processes. A cirque is a bowl-shaped depression formed at the head of a glacier, while a horn is a pointed peak formed by the erosion of multiple cirques. On the other hand, a deflation hollow is a landform created by wind erosion, where loose sediment is removed, creating a depression in the ground.

Ocean waves travel in groups called wave trains, which consist of a series of individual waves. These waves within a wave train have similar characteristics, such as wavelength and wave period. As the wave train moves through the ocean, the waves break at regular intervals, creating a pattern of breaking waves. This is why wave trains are responsible for the regular intervals at which ocean waves break.

Saltation is the correct answer because it refers to the movement of sand-sized particles by a skipping and bouncing action in the direction the wind is blowing. This process occurs when the wind is strong enough to lift and transport these particles, causing them to hop and jump along the ground. Saltation is an important mechanism in the transportation of sediment in deserts and other windy environments.

A wind-eroded depression is called a deflation hollow. This term refers to a depression in the ground that is formed by the removal of loose particles by wind erosion. As wind blows over an area, it picks up and carries away loose sediment, leaving behind a depression in the landscape. This process is known as deflation, and the resulting hollow is called a deflation hollow.

Glacial drift is the correct answer because it is a term that encompasses all types of glacial deposits. Glacial drift refers to the sediments that are transported and deposited by glaciers, including till (unsorted mixture of clay, sand, and gravel) and loess (fine-grained, wind-blown sediment). Therefore, glacial drift is the most appropriate term to describe all types of glacial deposits.

Grooves left behind by a moving glacier are called striations. Striations are long, parallel scratches or grooves that are formed when rocks or debris embedded in the glacier's base scrape against the bedrock. These marks provide evidence of the direction and movement of the glacier. Moraines, on the other hand, are accumulations of rocks and debris deposited by a glacier, while tills are unsorted sediments left behind by a glacier.

A slump is a type of landslide that occurs when a small block of land becomes detached and slides downhill. This type of landslide is characterized by the movement of a coherent mass of rock or soil along a curved surface, resulting in a distinct slump feature. Slumps typically occur in areas with steep slopes and weak underlying materials, such as clay or silt. The detachment and sliding of the block of land is often triggered by factors such as heavy rainfall, erosion, or human activities.

An outwash plain is an example of stratified drift because it is formed by the deposition of sediment carried by meltwater from a glacier. As the glacier melts, the water carries and deposits the sediment in layers, creating a stratified deposit. On the other hand, a moraine is an accumulation of unsorted glacial debris, and till refers to the unsorted material deposited directly by the glacier.

Wind, water, ice, glaciers, and gravity are all factors that contribute to erosion. Wind erosion occurs when the force of wind carries away loose soil and sediment. Water erosion happens when flowing water, such as rivers or rain, washes away soil and creates channels. Ice erosion occurs when glaciers move and scrape the land, carrying away rocks and sediment. Gravity also plays a role in erosion by causing rocks and debris to fall and be transported downhill. These various forces work together to shape and reshape the Earth's surface over time.