Ch. 36 Test 2011-05-27

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The statement is false because Pearl Harbor actually had the opposite effect on American isolationism. The surprise attack by Japan on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, led to a shift in public opinion and a united desire to enter World War II. The attack galvanized Americans and caused them to rally behind the war effort, leading to a significant increase in support for military intervention. This event ultimately ended American isolationism and prompted the United States to officially join the war.

During World War II, the United States employed a strategy known as "leapfrogging" across the South Pacific while bypassing Japanese strongholds. This strategy involved selectively targeting and capturing certain islands in the Pacific, while bypassing others that were heavily fortified by the Japanese. By doing so, the US forces were able to isolate and weaken the Japanese positions, while also securing strategically important islands for future operations. This approach minimized the need for direct confrontations with heavily defended Japanese strongholds and allowed for a more efficient and effective advancement towards Japan.

Franklin Roosevelt won the election in 1944 because the war was going well, and people wanted an experienced leader to help create a future organization for world peace. This explanation suggests that the positive progress of the war and Roosevelt's experience were key factors in his victory. Additionally, the mention of creating a future organization for world peace implies that people believed Roosevelt was capable of leading the country towards a peaceful post-war era.

The correct answer is Midway. The Battle of Midway was a significant turning point in the Pacific theater during World War II. It took place in June 1942 and resulted in a decisive victory for the United States over Japan. The battle marked the first major defeat for the Japanese Navy and halted their advance in the Pacific. The loss of four aircraft carriers and a significant number of experienced pilots severely weakened Japan's naval power and shifted the balance of power in favor of the Allies.

The statement is true because some people believed that the demand for unconditional surrender by the Allies would give the enemy motivation to fight harder and resist longer. They argued that if the enemy knew they would be granted more favorable terms for surrendering, they might be more willing to give up and end the conflict sooner. However, by demanding unconditional surrender, the Allies were sending a message that they would not negotiate or offer any concessions, which could potentially prolong the war.

During a war, it is crucial for a country to adapt its industries to support the war effort. "Retooling" refers to the process of modifying or adjusting existing industrial facilities and processes to produce goods and materials needed for war production. This includes converting civilian factories to produce military equipment, increasing production capacity, and prioritizing resources towards war-related industries. Retooling the industry for all-out war production was a major challenge for America during its first war, as it required significant coordination and mobilization of resources to meet the demands of the conflict.

During World War II, Japanese-Americans were subjected to widespread discrimination and internment by the US government. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor, they were viewed with suspicion and seen as potential threats to national security. As a result, over 120,000 Japanese-Americans, including American citizens, were forcibly relocated and placed in internment camps. This policy had a severe and lasting impact on the Japanese-American community, causing them to suffer loss of property, livelihoods, and civil liberties. The internment of Japanese-Americans is widely recognized as a grave injustice and a violation of their constitutional rights.

The correct answer is "force the unconditional surrender of both Germany and Japan." This is because President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill announced at the Casablanca conference that their main war aim was to ensure the unconditional surrender of both Germany and Japan. This meant that they wanted to completely defeat and disarm these countries without any negotiations or conditions. This was a significant goal as it would help bring an end to the war and ensure that these countries could not pose a threat in the future.

The conquest of the Marianas Islands, including Guam, was especially important because it provided a strategic location for the Americans to conduct round-trip bombing raids on the Japanese home islands. By securing the Marianas, the American forces gained a base that was within striking distance of Japan, allowing them to launch air attacks and apply pressure on the Japanese mainland. This played a crucial role in weakening the Japanese defenses and ultimately contributing to the Allied victory in the Pacific during World War II.

The Battle of the Coral Sea was the first naval battle in history where all the fighting was done by carrier-based aircraft. This battle, fought between the United States and Japan in May 1942, was a significant turning point in World War II. The opposing fleets never came into direct contact, but instead, the aircraft from both sides engaged in intense air battles. The battle resulted in a strategic victory for the Allies as they were able to halt the Japanese advance towards Australia. The Battle of the Coral Sea demonstrated the importance and effectiveness of carrier-based aircraft in modern naval warfare.

During the beginning of World War II, President Roosevelt made the decision to prioritize the war in Europe and temporarily postpone the Pacific war. This decision was made due to the ongoing conflict in Europe, where the Allies were facing significant challenges from Nazi Germany. By focusing on the war in Europe, Roosevelt aimed to provide support to the Allies and prevent the spread of fascism. This decision demonstrates Roosevelt's strategic thinking and his commitment to defeating the Axis powers.

Japanese-Americans were placed in concentration camps during World War II as a result of anti-Japanese prejudice and fear. This was a discriminatory act fueled by racial prejudices and stereotypes against Japanese-Americans, who were seen as potential threats to national security. The fear of espionage and sabotage led to the forced relocation and internment of thousands of innocent Japanese-Americans, despite the lack of evidence of any widespread disloyalty or acts of sabotage. This action was later recognized as a grave violation of civil rights and a dark chapter in American history.

The Potsdam conference issued an ultimatum to Japan to surrender or be destroyed. This conference, which took place in Potsdam, Germany in 1945, was attended by the leaders of the Allied powers - Harry S. Truman, Winston Churchill (later replaced by Clement Attlee), and Joseph Stalin. One of the main objectives of the conference was to discuss the terms of Japan's surrender in World War II. The Potsdam Declaration, issued on July 26, 1945, called for Japan's unconditional surrender, warning of "prompt and utter destruction" if they refused to comply. This ultimatum played a significant role in Japan's decision to surrender, leading to the end of the war.

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Dwight Eisenhower was the commander of the cross-channel invasion of Normandy to open a second front in Europe. He was appointed as the Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force and played a crucial role in planning and executing the invasion, also known as D-Day. Eisenhower's leadership and strategic decisions were instrumental in the success of the operation, which marked a turning point in World War II.

The correct answer is agreeing to let the Japanese keep Emperor Hirohito on the throne. This modification of the "unconditional surrender" policy indicates that the Allied forces were willing to allow the Japanese to retain their emperor as a symbolic figurehead. This decision was made in order to maintain stability and facilitate the occupation and reconstruction of Japan after World War II. By allowing Hirohito to remain in power, the Allies aimed to prevent potential resistance or unrest among the Japanese population.

The northward migration of African-Americans accelerated after World War II because mechanical cotton pickers came into use. This technological advancement in agriculture reduced the demand for manual labor in the cotton industry, which was a major source of employment for African-Americans in the South. As a result, many African-Americans sought better economic opportunities in the industrial cities of the North, where jobs were more readily available. This migration was also fueled by the desire to escape racial discrimination and segregation that persisted in the South.

During World War II, the United States government implemented various interventionist policies to mobilize the economy and support the war effort. The war led to increased government spending, expansion of federal agencies, and the implementation of policies such as price controls, rationing, and government control over industries. These interventions aimed to ensure economic stability, support the military, and promote full employment. Therefore, World War II provided a significant boost to big-government intervention in the United States.

During World War II, there was a significant migration of African-Americans from the southern states to the northern cities. This movement, known as the Great Migration, was driven by several factors including the demand for industrial labor in the North, better job opportunities, and the hope of escaping racial discrimination in the South. As a result, the heart of the African-American community shifted from the southern cities to the northern cities by the end of the war. This demographic shift had a lasting impact on the cultural, social, and political landscape of the United States.

During World War II, many American Indians moved off reservations in large numbers. This was mainly due to the economic opportunities that arose from the war effort, particularly in defense industries. These industries were in need of labor, and American Indians saw this as a chance to find employment and improve their living conditions. Additionally, the government encouraged American Indians to leave reservations and join the war effort as a way to assimilate them into mainstream American society. This movement off reservations marked a significant shift in the lives and experiences of American Indians during this time period.

During World War II, the government needed a significant amount of money to finance the war effort. Government borrowing was a major source of funding as it allowed the government to raise funds by issuing bonds and borrowing from individuals, banks, and other countries. This method was preferred as it did not directly burden the citizens with higher taxes during the war. Additionally, borrowing allowed the government to access large sums of money quickly, which was necessary to support the military operations and other war-related expenses.

The correct answer is the overthrow of Mussolini and Italy's unconditional surrender. The Allied conquest of Sicily in August 1943 led to the collapse of Mussolini's fascist government in Italy. As a result, Mussolini was arrested and Italy surrendered unconditionally to the Allies, marking a significant turning point in the war. This event paved the way for the Allied invasion of the Italian mainland and ultimately contributed to the downfall of the Axis powers in Europe.

Franklin Roosevelt was considered the "forgotten man" at the Democratic Convention in 1944 because the focus and attention of the convention were primarily on determining who would be chosen as the vice president. This suggests that the discussions and debates surrounding the vice presidential nominee overshadowed Roosevelt's presence and importance at the convention.

During World War II, the national debt increased significantly due to the massive military spending and government borrowing to fund the war efforts. The war required substantial resources and financing, leading to a substantial increase in the national debt. This was necessary to support the production of weapons, equipment, and supplies, as well as to provide economic assistance to other countries involved in the war. The increased debt during this period reflects the significant financial strain and the extraordinary measures taken to support the war.

During the initial period of the United States' involvement in World War II, it took almost two years for the country to come together and unite. However, despite this unity, a majority of Americans still did not have a clear understanding of the purpose and objectives of the war. This suggests that there was a lack of awareness and information among the general population regarding the reasons behind the country's involvement in the conflict.

During World War II, the employment of more than six million women in American industry created a need for childcare services. To support these working women, the government established day-care centers, allowing them to continue working while their children were taken care of. This action was taken to ensure that women could contribute to the war effort without having to worry about childcare responsibilities. Therefore, the correct answer is the establishment of day-care centers by the government.

During World War II, the Italian front played a significant role in delaying the D-Day invasion. The Allies had to divert their resources and troops to fight against the Axis powers in Italy, which postponed the planned invasion of Normandy. This delay provided the Soviet Union with more time to advance further into Eastern Europe, as the attention of the Axis forces was focused on the Italian front. Therefore, the real impact of the Italian front on World War II was that it delayed the D-Day invasion and allowed the Soviet Union to make significant progress in Eastern Europe.

Hitler's advance in the European theater of war reached its peak in late 1942 at the Battle of Stalingrad. This battle was a turning point in World War II, as it marked a significant defeat for the German army. The Soviet Union successfully defended the city of Stalingrad, inflicting heavy casualties on the German forces and ultimately forcing them to surrender. After this battle, Hitler's military fortunes gradually declined, leading to the eventual defeat of Nazi Germany.

The correct answer is "of British reluctance and lack of adequate shipping." This suggests that the British were hesitant to open a second front in Europe and did not have enough ships to support such an operation. This implies that the decision to postpone the opening of a second front was influenced by the British, rather than other factors such as the hope of Germany and the Soviet Union weakening each other or the need for men and material in the Pacific.

During World War II, African-Americans engaged in various activities. They rallied behind the slogan "Double V" to emphasize the importance of victory over dictators abroad and racism at home. They also moved in significant numbers to the northern and western parts of the country. Additionally, they formed the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a militant organization dedicated to fighting for racial equality. Lastly, African-Americans served in the Army Air Corps, contributing to the war effort.

The given correct answer suggests that the action by the United States against Adolf Hitler's campaign of genocide against the Jews was slow in coming. This implies that the United States did not take immediate action to address the genocide, which is considered reprehensible. The explanation could be that there were various reasons for this delay, such as lack of awareness about the extent of the genocide or reluctance to intervene in European affairs. However, it is important to note that this answer does not provide any specific details or evidence to support this explanation.

The Allies won the Battle of the Atlantic by escorting convoys of merchants' vessels, dropping depth charges from destroyers, bombing submarine bases, and deploying the new technology of radar. These strategies allowed them to protect their merchant ships from German U-boats, destroy enemy submarines, disrupt enemy bases, and gain an advantage in detecting and tracking enemy submarines.