A. Dehydration
B. Positive glucose clearance
C. Osmotic diuresis
D. Hypokalemia
E. Hyperglycemia
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A. Hypokalemia
B. ANP
C. Hypervolemia
D. Angiotensin II.
E. Hyperchloremia
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A. Urea
B. Hemoglobin
C. Creatinine
D. Glucose
E. Water
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The concentration of ADH in the plasma
Urine flow rate
Plasma osmolality
Free water clearance
The clearance of Na+
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A. Proximal tubule
B. Descending limb of the loop of Henle.
C. Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle.
D. Late distal tubule.
E. Inner medullary collecting duct
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The concentration of ADH in the plasma
Urine flow rate
Plasma osmolality
Free water clearance
The clearance of Na+
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A. Juxtaglomerular cells.
B. Macula densa cells
C. Podocytes
D. Intercalated cells.
E. Mesangial cells.
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The concentration of ADH in the plasma
Urine flow rate
Plasma osmolality
Free water clearance
The clearance of Na+
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A. proximal tubule epithelium
B. thick ascending limb epithelium
C. thin loop of Henle epithelium
D. alpha-intercalated cells
E. principal cells
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A. 0ml/min
B. 32.5 ml/min
C. 120 ml/min
D. 480 mg/min
E. 600 mg/min
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A. Filtered
B. Reabsorbed
C. Secreted
D. Excreted
E. Cleared
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A. Na+.
B. K+.
C. NH4+
D. Urea.
E. Cl- .
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The concentration of ADH in the plasma
Urine flow rate
Plasma osmolality
Free water clearance
The clearance of Na+
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A. is secreted from neurons in the anterior pituitary
B. secretion is increased by a decrease in plasma osmolarity
C. secretion is stimulated by decrease in venous return
D. binds to receptors on the apical membrane of intercalated cells
E. mediates water reabsorption in the kidneys via V1 receptor
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A. The same as its filtration rate
B. 100 mg/min
C. 130 mg/min
D. 120 ml/min
E. 240 mg/min
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A. tubuloglomerular balance
B. sympathetic afferent arteriolar vasoconstriction
C. sympathetic efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction
D. the drop in systemic arterial pressure
E. an increase in plasma oncotic pressure
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A. 4 L.
B. 16 L.
C. 24 L.
D. 32 L.
E. 48 L.
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A. Pgc
B. Pt
C. πgc
D. πt
E. Kf
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Energy-dependent reabsorption of solute from the tubular fluid of the thick ascending limb.
Equilibration of the osmolarity of the medullary interstitium and the tubular fluid in the descending limb.
Slow flow of tubular fluid.
Reabsorption of water from the tubular fluid of the descending limb.
Reabsorption of solute and water from the tubular fluid of the proximal tubule.
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An increase in intracellular [K+]
An increase in the activity of the electrogenic H+ pump in intercalated cells
A decrease in the electrical potential difference across the collecting duct epithelium
A decrease in the GFR
Decreased Na+ reabsorption by principal cells
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A. 100 ml/min
B. 500 ml/min.
C. 1 L/min.
D. 100 mg/min
E. 500 mg/min
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A. glomerulotubular balance
B. increased filtration fraction
C. increased peritubular capillary plasma oncotic pressure
D. an increase in angiotensin II
E. decreased peritubular capillary pressure
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