Biology Chapter 4 Test Part 2

Peroxisomes and lysosomes are organelles that contain enzymes for breaking down substances. Peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of fatty acids and the detoxification of harmful substances, while lysosomes are responsible for breaking down cellular waste and recycling materials. The other options listed do not specifically contain enzymes for breaking down substances.

Protein production is a fundamental process in cells, and it is the DNA that contains the instructions for making proteins. The nucleus is the organelle that houses the DNA, and the ribosomes are the cellular structures responsible for synthesizing proteins based on the instructions from the DNA. Therefore, the correct answer is nucleus and ribosomes.

Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both involved in energy production in cells. Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, a process in which light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria, on the other hand, are involved in cellular respiration, a process in which glucose is broken down to produce ATP. Both processes involve the metabolism of carbohydrates and the formation of ATP, making the answer "chloroplast and mitochondria" the correct choice.

The centrosome is responsible for organizing microtubules, which are long, hollow tubes that provide structure and support to the cell. Microtubules also aid in cell division by forming the mitotic spindle, which helps separate chromosomes during cell division. Therefore, the movement of the cell and its parts is facilitated by the centrosome and microtubules.

Mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell because they directly provide ATP to the cell. ATP is the main source of energy for cellular processes. While chloroplasts are involved in capturing solar energy and converting it into glucose through photosynthesis, they do not directly provide ATP to the cell. Additionally, the presence of their own genetic material is not the reason why mitochondria are called the powerhouses of the cell.

All of these options are involved in the movement of the cell or the cell contents. Actin filaments are responsible for cell shape changes and movement, basal bodies are involved in the movement of cilia and flagella, and microtubules play a role in intracellular transport and cell division.

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi apparatus are both involved in the process of protein formation and secretion. The ER is responsible for synthesizing proteins, while the Golgi apparatus modifies and packages these proteins before they are transported to their final destination. Together, these two organelles play a crucial role in the production and transportation of proteins within the cell.

Microtubules do not radiate from the ER. They are instead organized by the centrosome near the nucleus and extend throughout the cytoplasm, providing structural support and serving as tracks for motor molecules that move organelles. The other statements are true: actin filaments are found in muscle cells, intermediate filaments can contain keratin, and motor molecules use microtubules as tracks.

Mitochondria are involved in cellular respiration, which is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP, the main source of energy for cells. They have an inner membrane that contains enzymes necessary for the production of ATP. Therefore, this statement accurately describes the role of mitochondria in cellular metabolism.

During photosynthesis, plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to produce glucose and oxygen. Glucose is a simple sugar that serves as a source of energy for the plant, while oxygen is released into the atmosphere as a byproduct. This process occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically in the presence of chlorophyll. Therefore, the correct answer is glucose and oxygen.

Plant cells lack centrioles, which are responsible for organizing the microtubules during cell division. This is why plant cells do not have flagella, as flagella are made up of microtubules and are used for cell movement. Plant cells do have mitochondria and a large central vacuole, so these options are incorrect.

Transport vesicles are not involved in the communication between the nucleus and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The correct answer is that transport vesicles are incorrectly matched with their function.