Bio 208 Exam I

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  • 1/33 Questions

    Each of the following are types of multicellular membranes EXCEPT

    • Synovial
    • Lymphoidal
    • Cutaneous
    • Mucous
    • Serous
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Bio 208 Exam I - Quiz

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  • 2. 

    Each of the following are characteristics of collagen EXCEPT

    • Bundles of fibrous proteins bound together like a rope

    • Strong when pulled from ends

    • Branched, wavy, great recoil

    • Number and arrangement give strength

    • Flexible

    Correct Answer
    A. Branched, wavy, great recoil
    Explanation
    Collagen is a fibrous protein that provides strength and flexibility to various parts of the body. It forms bundles of fibrous proteins that are bound together like a rope, making it strong when pulled from the ends. The number and arrangement of collagen fibers contribute to its overall strength. Additionally, collagen is known for its flexibility. However, collagen does not possess the characteristic of being branched, wavy, and having great recoil.

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  • 3. 

    Each of the following are cell types in connective tissue EXCEPT

    • Muscle cells

    • Mast cells

    • Mesenchymal cells

    • Microphages

    • Melanocytes

    Correct Answer
    A. Muscle cells
    Explanation
    Muscle cells are not considered a type of cell in connective tissue. Connective tissue is primarily composed of cells such as fibroblasts, mast cells, mesenchymal cells, and macrophages. Muscle cells, on the other hand, are part of the muscular tissue, which is a distinct type of tissue responsible for movement. Therefore, muscle cells do not belong to the category of cell types found in connective tissue.

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  • 4. 

    A type of intercellular connection in which the outermost lipid portions of the two cell membranes is fused is termed a(n)

    • Gap junction

    • Desmosome

    • Intermediate junction

    • Tight junction

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Tight junction
    Explanation
    A tight junction is a type of intercellular connection where the outermost lipid portions of the two cell membranes are fused. This fusion creates a barrier that prevents the movement of molecules between the cells, making the junction "tight." This type of junction is commonly found in epithelial tissues, such as the lining of the digestive tract, where it helps maintain the integrity and selective permeability of the tissue. Gap junctions, desmosomes, and intermediate junctions are different types of intercellular connections that serve different functions in cell communication and adhesion. Therefore, the correct answer is tight junction.

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  • 5. 

    Examples of fibrous connective tissue includes 

    • Salivary gland

    • Ligaments

    • Respiratory passages

    • Tendons

    • Both B and D

    Correct Answer
    A. Both B and D
    Explanation
    Fibrous connective tissue is a type of connective tissue that is characterized by its dense arrangement of collagen fibers. Ligaments and tendons are examples of fibrous connective tissue because they are composed mainly of collagen fibers that provide strength and support to the joints and muscles. Salivary glands and respiratory passages are not examples of fibrous connective tissue as they are composed of different types of tissues such as glandular and epithelial tissues. Therefore, the correct answer is "both B and D" because ligaments and tendons are examples of fibrous connective tissue.

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  • 6. 

    A transitional epithelium would be found

    • Lining the ducts that drain sweat glands

    • Lining the urinary bladder

    • At the surface of the skin

    • Lining blood vesicles

    • Lining the stomach

    Correct Answer
    A. Lining the urinary bladder
    Explanation
    Transitional epithelium is a type of tissue that is capable of stretching and expanding. It is specifically designed to line organs that need to accommodate changes in volume, such as the urinary bladder. The urinary bladder is a hollow organ that expands as it fills with urine and contracts to expel it. The presence of transitional epithelium in the lining of the urinary bladder allows it to stretch and accommodate the varying volume of urine. Therefore, the correct answer is lining the urinary bladder.

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  • 7. 

    Which statement below is true about the inside relative to the outside of the cell

    • Lower [dissolved proteins] inside

    • Lower [K+] inside

    • Lower [Na+] inside

    • Lower [sugars] inside

    • Lower [free amino acids] inside

    Correct Answer
    A. Lower [Na+] inside
    Explanation
    Inside the cell, the concentration of sodium ions (Na+) is lower compared to the outside of the cell. This is because the cell actively pumps out sodium ions to maintain a lower concentration inside. This process is vital for various cell functions, such as maintaining osmotic balance and generating electrical impulses.

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  • 8. 

    What would happen to Volume B if you separated two equal volumes of water by a normal window screen, and then added table sugar to Volume A a week before?

    • Side A would have more sugar and less water than Side B

    • Side B would have more sugar and less water than Side A

    • Side A would have less sugar and less water than Side B

    • Both sides would have same amount of sugar and water

    • Both sides would have the same amount of water but Side A more sugar

    Correct Answer
    A. Both sides would have same amount of sugar and water
    Explanation
    If two equal volumes of water are separated by a normal window screen, the screen will prevent the sugar from moving from one side to the other. Therefore, the sugar added to Volume A a week before will remain in Volume A and not mix with Volume B. As a result, both sides will have the same amount of sugar and water.

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  • 9. 

    From the choices below, identify the smallest living functional unit

    • An animal

    • A cell

    • A membrane

    • An ion channel

    • An enzyme

    Correct Answer
    A. A cell
    Explanation
    A cell is the smallest living functional unit because it is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Cells are responsible for carrying out all the necessary processes of life, such as metabolism, reproduction, and response to stimuli. They are capable of independent existence and can perform all the functions required for survival.

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  • 10. 

    Which of the following sequences is true?

    • DNA-mRNA-tRNA-protein

    • DNA-tRNA-mRNA-protein

    • DNA-tRNA-mRNA-protein

    • DNA-tRNA-mRNA-protein

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. DNA-mRNA-tRNA-protein
    Explanation
    The correct sequence is DNA-mRNA-tRNA-protein. This is the correct order of molecular processes involved in protein synthesis. DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein with the help of tRNA.

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  • 11. 

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the cell membrane

    • Structural support

    • Sensitivity to changes in the extracellular fluid

    • Controlling movements into the nucleus

    • Separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular solution

    • Regulation of exchange of materials with the environment

    Correct Answer
    A. Controlling movements into the nucleus
    Explanation
    The cell membrane acts as a selective barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell. It controls the exchange of materials with the environment and separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular solution. However, controlling movements into the nucleus is not a function of the cell membrane. The nucleus is surrounded by a separate membrane called the nuclear envelope, which controls the movement of molecules into and out of the nucleus.

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  • 12. 

    When Na+ is moved across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient

    • Osmosis occurs

    • Cellular ATP is used

    • Diffusion occurs

    • Vesicles are transported

    • Both A and C occurs

    Correct Answer
    A. Cellular ATP is used
    Explanation
    When Na+ is moved across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient, cellular ATP is used. This is because moving ions against their concentration gradient requires energy, which is provided by ATP. Osmosis refers to the movement of water across a membrane, and diffusion refers to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Vesicles are used for transporting larger molecules or substances across the cell membrane. However, in this case, the correct answer is specifically referring to the use of cellular ATP for the active transport of Na+ ions.

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  • 13. 

    Enzymes __________

    • Always raise the energy of activation

    • Always have only one active site

    • Are deactivated and NOT activated

    • Have specific optimal ranges

    • Are activated and NOT deactivated

    Correct Answer
    A. Have specific optimal ranges
    Explanation
    Enzymes have specific optimal ranges because they are highly sensitive to changes in temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. These optimal ranges provide the most favorable conditions for the enzyme to catalyze a reaction efficiently. If the conditions deviate too much from the optimal range, the enzyme's activity can decrease or completely cease. Therefore, maintaining the specific optimal ranges is crucial for the proper functioning of enzymes.

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  • 14. 

    Of the choices below the LEAST common element that makes up proteins is

    • O

    • H

    • P

    • S

    • N

    Correct Answer
    A. P
    Explanation
    Phosphorus (P) is the least common element that makes up proteins. Proteins are primarily composed of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N), with small amounts of other elements like sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) present in some proteins. However, phosphorus is found in proteins in very small quantities compared to the other elements listed. Therefore, P is the least common element in proteins.

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  • 15. 

    If a substances has a pH that is less than 7, it is

    • Acidic

    • Basic

    • Alkaline

    • Buffered

    • Both B and C are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Acidic
    Explanation
    A substance with a pH less than 7 indicates that it is acidic. Acidity is determined by the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, and a pH value below 7 signifies a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. Therefore, the correct answer is acidic.

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  • 16. 

    A fatty acid that contains three double covalent bonds in its carbon chain is a 

    • Carboxylated

    • Monounsaturated

    • Hydrogenated

    • Saturated

    • Polyunsaturated

    Correct Answer
    A. Polyunsaturated
    Explanation
    A fatty acid that contains three double covalent bonds in its carbon chain is classified as polyunsaturated. This means that there are multiple unsaturated bonds (double bonds) present in the fatty acid molecule. The term "poly" indicates that there are more than one unsaturated bond, while "unsaturated" refers to the presence of double bonds. Therefore, polyunsaturated fatty acids have multiple double bonds in their carbon chain.

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  • 17. 

    Ions with a negative charge are called

    • An anion

    • Polyatomic ions

    • A cation

    • A radioisotope

    • A radical

    Correct Answer
    A. An anion
    Explanation
    Anions are ions that carry a negative charge. They are formed when an atom gains one or more electrons. This extra electron(s) gives the ion a negative charge, hence the name "anion." Anions play a crucial role in chemical reactions and are often involved in the formation of compounds. They are represented with a negative sign (-) next to the chemical symbol.

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  • 18. 

    The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a

    • Protein

    • Lipid (but not steroidal)

    • Protein

    • Carbohydrate

    • None of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Carbohydrate
    Explanation
    Carbohydrates are organic compounds that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a near 1:2:1 ratio. They are one of the major macronutrients and serve as a primary source of energy for living organisms. Carbohydrates can be found in various forms such as sugars, starches, and fibers. Proteins, lipids, and steroidal compounds do not have the same 1:2:1 ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, so they are not the correct answer in this case. Therefore, the correct answer is carbohydrate.

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  • 19. 

    Which description below best describes all homeostatic processes

    • Baseline values do not change over time

    • Negative feedback is essential

    • Positive feedback is essential

    • Baseline values are uncontrolled

    • Homeostasis is not autoregulated

    Correct Answer
    A. Negative feedback is essential
    Explanation
    Negative feedback is essential for all homeostatic processes because it helps maintain stability and balance in the body. Negative feedback occurs when a change in a regulated variable triggers a response that opposes the change and brings the variable back to its set point. This allows the body to constantly monitor and adjust its internal conditions to keep them within a narrow range. Positive feedback, on the other hand, amplifies the initial change and does not contribute to homeostasis. Therefore, the best description for all homeostatic processes is that negative feedback is essential.

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  • 20. 

    Which three components underlie how homeostasis works

    • Receptor, effector, motor

    • Motor, control center, feedback

    • Effector, control receptor

    • Feedback, effector, receptor

    • Control center, motor, feedback

    Correct Answer
    A. Effector, control receptor
    Explanation
    Effector and control receptor are the two components that underlie how homeostasis works. The effector is responsible for making the necessary adjustments in response to changes in the internal or external environment, while the control receptor detects these changes and sends signals to the effector to initiate the appropriate response. This feedback loop between the effector and control receptor allows the body to maintain a stable internal environment, ensuring that physiological processes are functioning optimally.

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  • 21. 

    In dealing with physiology, function is related to its

    • Cavity

    • Size

    • Location

    • Structure

    • System

    Correct Answer
    A. Structure
    Explanation
    In physiology, the function of a body part or system is closely related to its structure. The structure refers to the specific arrangement and organization of the tissues, cells, and organs that make up the body part or system. The structure determines how the body part or system is able to carry out its specific function. For example, the structure of the heart, with its chambers, valves, and blood vessels, allows it to pump and circulate blood throughout the body. Therefore, understanding the structure of a body part or system is essential in understanding its function.

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  • 22. 

    The shaft of a long bone is most closely associated with the

    • Epiphysis

    • Diaphysis

    • Periosteum

    • Endochondrial

    • Appositional

    Correct Answer
    A. Diaphysis
    Explanation
    The shaft of a long bone is most closely associated with the diaphysis. The diaphysis refers to the long, cylindrical middle portion of a long bone, which contains the compact bone tissue. It is responsible for providing support and strength to the bone. The diaphysis also contains the medullary cavity, which houses the bone marrow. The epiphysis refers to the rounded ends of a long bone, while the periosteum is the outer covering of the bone. Endochondrial and appositional are processes involved in bone growth and development.

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  • 23. 

    ______ decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood

    • Calcitonin

    • Calcitriol

    • Parathyroid hormone

    • Vitamin D

    • Both B and D are correct

    Correct Answer
    A. Calcitonin
    Explanation
    Calcitonin is a hormone released by the thyroid gland that helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood. It works by decreasing the concentration of calcium in the blood, primarily by inhibiting the activity of osteoclasts, cells that break down bone tissue and release calcium into the blood. Therefore, calcitonin is the correct answer as it directly decreases the concentration of calcium in the blood.

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  • 24. 

    Appositional growth in bones is most closely related to growth in

    • Bone length

    • Osteoclasts

    • Epiphyseal conversion

    • Bone diameter

    • Bone turnover

    Correct Answer
    A. Bone diameter
    Explanation
    Appositional growth in bones refers to the increase in bone diameter. This type of growth occurs when new bone tissue is added to the outer surface of the existing bone, resulting in an increase in its diameter. This process is regulated by osteoblasts, which deposit new bone tissue, and osteoclasts, which remove old bone tissue. While bone length is also related to growth, it is primarily influenced by epiphyseal conversion, where the growth plates at the ends of long bones close and stop producing new bone tissue. Bone turnover, on the other hand, refers to the continuous process of bone resorption and formation.

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  • 25. 

    Large, multinucleated cells that can dissolve the bony matrix are termed

    • Osteocytes

    • Osteoclasts

    • Osteoblasts

    • Stem cells

    • Chondrocytes

    Correct Answer
    A. Osteoclasts
    Explanation
    Osteoclasts are large, multinucleated cells that are responsible for breaking down and dissolving the bony matrix. They play a crucial role in bone remodeling and resorption, allowing for the removal of old or damaged bone tissue. Osteoclasts secrete enzymes and acids that break down the mineralized matrix, making it possible for new bone to be formed by osteoblasts.

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  • 26. 

    The hormone calcitonin functions to 

    • Increate the level of Ca++ in the blood

    • Decrease the level of Ca++ excretion

    • Increate the rate of bone deposition

    • Stimulate osteoclast activity

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. Increate the rate of bone deposition
    Explanation
    Calcitonin is a hormone that is released by the thyroid gland and it plays a role in regulating calcium levels in the body. One of its main functions is to increase the rate of bone deposition. This means that it helps in the formation and building of new bone tissue. Therefore, the correct answer is "increase the rate of bone deposition".

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  • 27. 

    When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone

    • Long bones have reached their adult length

    • Appositional bone growth begins

    • The bone begins to grow in length

    • The bone becomes more brittle

    • Puberty beings

    Correct Answer
    A. Long bones have reached their adult length
    Explanation
    When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, it means that the growth plate in long bones has closed, indicating that the bones have reached their adult length. The epiphyseal plate is responsible for bone growth during childhood and adolescence, and its closure signifies the end of longitudinal bone growth. Therefore, the correct answer is that long bones have reached their adult length.

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  • 28. 

    Glands that discharge an oily secretion into the hair follicles are

    • Ceruminous

    • Apocrine sweat

    • Sebacous

    • Meocrine sweat

    • Mammary

    Correct Answer
    A. Sebacous
    Explanation
    Sebaceous glands are the glands that discharge an oily secretion into the hair follicles. This oily secretion, known as sebum, helps to lubricate the skin and hair, preventing them from becoming dry and brittle. Sebaceous glands are found all over the body, except for the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. They are particularly abundant on the face, scalp, and upper back. The sebum produced by sebaceous glands can sometimes lead to clogged pores and acne if it becomes excessive or if there is an imbalance in its production.

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  • 29. 

    Melanoma

    • Is a cancer derived from melanocytes

    • Is the fastest growing cancer in the US

    • Has increased risk of occurring in sunburned or artificially UV-exposed skin

    • Is the deadliest form of skin cancer

    • ALL of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. ALL of the above
    Explanation
    The correct answer is "ALL of the above". Melanoma is a type of cancer that originates from melanocytes, which are the cells responsible for producing melanin. It is considered the fastest growing cancer in the US and has a higher risk of developing in sunburned or UV-exposed skin. Additionally, melanoma is known to be the most deadly form of skin cancer. Therefore, all of the statements provided are true about melanoma.

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  • 30. 

    The skin interacts with the _____system

    • Skeletal

    • Urinary

    • Nervous

    • Respiratory

    • All of the above

    Correct Answer
    A. All of the above
    Explanation
    The skin interacts with all of the above systems. The skeletal system provides support and protection for the skin. The urinary system helps regulate body temperature by controlling sweat production. The nervous system allows the skin to sense touch, pain, and temperature. The respiratory system supplies oxygen to the skin cells. Therefore, the skin interacts with all of these systems.

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  • 31. 

    The layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the stratum

    • Spinosum

    • Lucidem

    • Granulosum

    • Corneum

    • Basale (germinatinvum)

    Correct Answer
    A. Basale (germinatinvum)
    Explanation
    The correct answer is basale (germinativum). The stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is responsible for cell division and renewal, as it contains actively dividing cells. These cells then migrate towards the upper layers of the epidermis, undergoing differentiation and eventually becoming the outermost layer of the skin. The other options, such as spinosum, lucidem, granulosum, and corneum, are also layers of the epidermis, but they do not specifically contain cells undergoing division.

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  • 32. 

    The layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that supply the surface of the skin is the

    • Papillary layer in dermis

    • Stratum corneum

    • Stratum granulosum

    • Stratum spinosm

    • Stratum basale (germinatinvum)

    Correct Answer
    A. Papillary layer in dermis
    Explanation
    The papillary layer in the dermis is the correct answer. This layer of the skin contains the blood vessels and nerves that supply the surface of the skin. It is located just beneath the epidermis and is responsible for providing nutrients and oxygen to the outer layers of the skin.

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  • 33. 

    The layer of the epidermis that contains melanocytes is the stratum______

    • Spinosum

    • Lucidem

    • Granulosum

    • Corneum

    • Basale (germinatinvum)

    Correct Answer
    A. Basale (germinatinvum)
    Explanation
    The correct answer is basale (germinativum) because this layer of the epidermis is responsible for the production of melanocytes, which are the cells that produce melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. The stratum basale is also known as the stratum germinativum because it is the layer where new skin cells are formed through cell division.

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