Bentley Ch. 19 INFLuence Of Europe

The correct answer is "the three social classes." In medieval Europe, society was divided into three main classes or estates: the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. The clergy consisted of religious leaders and held significant power and influence. The nobility comprised of the aristocracy and feudal lords who owned land and had political authority. The commoners included peasants, merchants, and artisans who made up the majority of the population. This social hierarchy played a crucial role in shaping the political, economic, and social structure of medieval European society.

During the high middle ages, European scholars' rediscovery of Aristotle's work led to the development of scholasticism. Scholasticism was a philosophical and theological system that aimed to reconcile Christian beliefs with classical philosophy, particularly Aristotelianism. This led to a new approach to education and learning, as scholars sought to use reason and logic to understand and interpret religious doctrine. Scholasticism had a profound impact on European intellectual life, influencing fields such as theology, philosophy, and science, and shaping the development of universities and the curriculum taught in them.

The term RECONQUISTA refers to the reconquest of Spain. This term is used to describe the historical period in which Christian kingdoms in the Iberian Peninsula sought to recapture territories from the Muslim Moors who had occupied the region since the 8th century. The Reconquista lasted for several centuries, from the 8th to the 15th century, and ultimately led to the establishment of Christian rule in Spain.

The Hanseatic League was an association of trading cities in northern Europe. It was formed in the 13th century and lasted until the 17th century. The league consisted of various cities, mainly located in the Baltic and North Sea regions, that came together to promote and protect their common trading interests. They established a network of trade routes and had their own legal system and trading privileges. The league played a significant role in the economic development of the member cities and had a major impact on trade and commerce in medieval Europe.

Guilds of European cities and towns were associations formed by craftsmen and merchants to protect their interests and regulate trade. They played a significant role in setting standards of quality for manufactured goods, determining prices for products, and regulating the entry of new workers into their groups. However, administering justice on behalf of the city government was not a responsibility of the guilds. This task was typically carried out by the city government or the legal system of the time.

The Holy Roman Empire was "neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire" because it did not restore imperial unity to western Europe. Despite its name, the Holy Roman Empire failed to achieve its goal of unifying the various states and territories of western Europe under one centralized authority. Instead, it remained a loose confederation of independent states, often plagued by internal conflicts and power struggles. This lack of unity and centralization undermined its claim to be an empire, and its inability to achieve its intended purpose made it neither holy nor Roman in the eyes of many.

The correct answer is mendicants. The Waldensians, Cathars, and Albigensians were all popular heresies in medieval Europe, known for their beliefs that deviated from the teachings of the Catholic Church. The Waldensians were a religious movement that emphasized poverty and simplicity, while the Cathars and Albigensians were dualist sects that believed in the existence of two opposing deities. On the other hand, mendicants were not considered a heresy but rather a religious order, such as the Franciscans and Dominicans, who embraced a life of poverty and relied on begging for sustenance.

The shift from horses to oxen did not contribute to the expansion of arable land in Europe during the high middle ages. While the use of the horseshoe and horse collar improved agricultural productivity by allowing horses to pull heavier loads and work for longer periods, the shift from horses to oxen would have reduced the efficiency and speed of agricultural work. Oxen are slower and less powerful than horses, which would have hindered the expansion of arable land. Therefore, this shift did not contribute to the expansion of arable land during that time.

During the high middle ages, the development of towns and cities "fit awkwardly in the framework of a medieval political order" because their citizens demanded autonomy from local lords. This demand for autonomy challenged the traditional power structure of the medieval political order, which was based on feudalism and the authority of local lords. The citizens of towns and cities sought to govern themselves and make decisions independently, which was not in line with the hierarchical system of feudalism. This tension between the desire for self-governance and the existing political order created an awkward fit for the development of towns and cities during this period.

The curricula of cathedral schools focused primarily on the liberal arts. This means that the education provided in these schools emphasized subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, logic, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. The goal was to provide students with a well-rounded education that would enable them to think critically, communicate effectively, and understand the world around them. Theology, law, medicine, and the writings of Aquinas may have been included in the curriculum as well, but they were not the primary focus.

The correct answer is Buddhists' devotion to Bodhisattvas. This is because the sentence suggests that Christians' devotion to saints is similar to the devotion that Buddhists have towards Bodhisattvas. The comparison implies that both groups have a strong reverence and dedication towards these figures, indicating that they play a significant role in their respective religious practices.

The crusades were a series of military campaigns launched by European Christians in the Middle Ages with the goal of recapturing the Holy Land from Muslim control. While the crusades did involve military conflicts between European and Muslim armies, it would be incorrect to say that they demonstrated European military superiority. In fact, the crusades were marked by a mix of successes and failures for both sides, and no clear military dominance was established.

According to Pegolotti, European long-distance trade with China was perfectly safe. This suggests that the risks of robbery or other dangers were minimal during this trade. Pegolotti's viewpoint contradicts the statement that local lords always robbed traveling merchants, indicating that the trade routes were secure. Additionally, the use of paper money in China may have resulted in higher prices for European goods, but it does not imply any safety concerns. Therefore, the correct answer is that European long-distance trade with China was perfectly safe.