Anthropology Final Exam 67-86

Sea trade provided stronger support for chiefdoms in the lower Mekong region because it gave them more access to control. Through sea trade, chiefdoms were able to establish and maintain economic and political dominance by controlling the flow of goods and resources. This allowed them to accumulate wealth, establish alliances, and exert control over neighboring communities. The access to sea trade routes provided chiefdoms with a strategic advantage, enabling them to expand their influence and solidify their power in the region.

The given answer "State" is the most appropriate choice because all the listed characteristics - stratified social classes, politically centralized government, market economy, full-time craft specialization, taxation supporting regulations, graded court system, and variety of settlement types - are typically associated with a state. A state is a political entity that has a centralized government and exercises authority over a defined territory. It usually has social hierarchies, economic systems, legal systems, and various types of settlements. Therefore, the characteristics mentioned align with the concept of a state.

This answer suggests that states were founded on the basis of engaging in trade in luxury goods. This means that these states were established with the intention of participating in the exchange of high-end and valuable products with other civilizations. The trade in luxury goods likely played a significant role in the economic development and prosperity of these states.

The Moche civilization was known for their significant warfare and raiding activities, which resulted in the capture of war captives. This is supported by archaeological evidence of elaborate royal burials that contained valuable materials such as jade and gold. These burials suggest that the Moche society placed great importance on displaying wealth and power in death, possibly as a way to legitimize their authority and intimidate their enemies. Therefore, the given answer of "Moche" aligns with the information provided.

The Shang civilization was best known for their bronze working mold process. This technique allowed them to create intricate and sophisticated bronze artifacts, such as weapons, tools, and ceremonial objects. The constant warfare that the Shang engaged in likely contributed to the development and refinement of this process, as they needed advanced weaponry and armor to maintain their military dominance.

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Rivers in Africa like Niger lack consistent flood regimes and alluvial soils, which contributes to their lower agricultural productivity. Flood regimes refer to the regular patterns of flooding that deposit nutrient-rich sediments onto the surrounding land, providing fertile soil for crops. Alluvial soils are formed by the deposition of sediment by rivers, and they are typically very fertile. Without these factors, the rivers in Africa like Niger have less productive agricultural land.

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The answer "100 BC SE Asia" refers to the time period and geographical location of Southeast Asia in the year 100 BC. During this time, the region experienced a situation characterized by ranked, centralized chiefdoms, display of power, feasting rituals, and ancestor worship being key elements of their political systems. The region was in a constant state of political flux, with no fixed boundaries. This answer provides a concise description of the political and cultural landscape of Southeast Asia during the specified time period.

The Giza Complex in Egypt is a well-known pyramid complex that includes the Great Pyramid of Giza, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure. It is considered one of the most iconic and popular tourist attractions in Egypt. The complex is not only famous for its architectural marvels but also for its historical significance. The Giza Complex has been extensively studied and explored by archaeologists, historians, and researchers, making it a favored site for understanding ancient Egyptian civilization.

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The Sahara Desert is considered a natural barrier in Africa due to its vast size and harsh conditions. It spans over 9 million square kilometers, making it the largest hot desert in the world. Its extreme temperatures, lack of water sources, and vast stretches of sand dunes make it difficult for humans and animals to cross. This creates a physical barrier that separates regions and hinders movement, making it a significant obstacle for trade, migration, and communication in the continent.

The Tonle/Sa ecosystem is considered one of the most complex ecosystems supporting civilization. This is because it experiences extreme seasonal fluctuations, which are perfect for continuous rice cultivation. The ecosystem's unique characteristics, such as the Tonle Sap lake and the surrounding floodplains, create an ideal environment for rice farming. The seasonal fluctuations, including the annual flooding and receding of the lake, provide the necessary water and nutrients for rice cultivation. This ecosystem has been crucial for sustaining civilizations in the region for centuries.

The Minoans were an ancient civilization that existed on the island of Crete, which is located in modern-day Greece. The Greeks and Romans are also known for their historical presence in Europe. Therefore, the answer "Europe" is correct as it encompasses the geographical region where the Minoans, Greeks, and Romans were located.

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The correct answer is Moche. The evidence of El Nino flooding impacting the Moche civilization around 582 AD suggests that the Moche people developed massive irrigation and terrace systems to deal with the flooding. These systems would have been necessary to control the water flow and prevent damage to their agricultural lands. This indicates that the Moche civilization was highly advanced in terms of their agricultural practices and engineering skills.

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The correct answer is Egyptian Civilization because the question asks about the societies or civilizations that included Kingdoms and Periods, and the Egyptian Civilization is known for its ancient Kingdoms and distinct Periods such as the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom.

Jayavarman II was a Khmer monarch who is known for merging multiple kingdoms into a single state and declaring himself as the supreme king or god. He established the Khmer Empire and is considered the founder of the Angkor period. His actions of unifying the kingdoms and proclaiming himself as the supreme ruler helped to consolidate his power and establish a centralized authority in the region. This marked a significant turning point in Khmer history and laid the foundation for the subsequent greatness of the Khmer Empire.

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The given answer, "Subsistence technologies," refers to the methods and techniques used by a society to obtain food and other resources necessary for survival. Irrigation, crop complexes, and religious systems are all examples of subsistence technologies. Irrigation is a method of supplying water to crops, which is essential for agriculture and food production. Crop complexes refer to the cultivation of multiple crops in a specific area, allowing for a diverse and sustainable food supply. Religious systems can also play a role in subsistence technologies by influencing agricultural practices and rituals related to food production. Therefore, "Subsistence technologies" is a suitable explanation for the given answer.

Asoka was an emperor of India during the 3rd century BC. He is known for his conversion to Buddhism and his efforts to spread the teachings of this religion throughout his empire. Asoka is also remembered for his policies of non-violence, religious tolerance, and social welfare. Under his rule, India experienced a period of relative peace and prosperity. Asoka's reign is considered a significant turning point in Indian history and his legacy as a wise and just ruler is still celebrated today.

Agriculture in Africa developed independently, without significant influence or assistance from other regions or civilizations. This implies that African communities and societies were able to develop their own agricultural practices, techniques, and knowledge, tailored to their specific environments and needs. This self-sufficiency in agricultural development highlights the ingenuity and resourcefulness of African communities in adapting to their surroundings and sustaining their livelihoods through farming.

In 200 BC, the Rosetta Stone was discovered in Egypt. The Rosetta Stone is a granodiorite stele that was inscribed with a decree issued at Memphis in 196 BC on behalf of King Ptolemy V. It is significant because it contains the same text in three different scripts: Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs, Demotic script, and Ancient Greek. This discovery played a crucial role in deciphering hieroglyphs and understanding the ancient Egyptian civilization.

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Karl Wittfogel is credited with creating the Hydraulic Irrigation Hypothesis. This hypothesis suggests that the development of large-scale irrigation systems in ancient societies led to the rise of centralized, authoritarian governments. According to Wittfogel, the need to manage and control water resources for irrigation purposes created a hierarchical system where those in power controlled the distribution of water and thus gained political control. This hypothesis has been influential in understanding the relationship between water management, political power, and societal organization in ancient civilizations.

Maya Ecology refers to the study of the environmental conditions and ecosystems that existed in the ancient Maya civilization. The given description of a hot, semitropical forest with a limestone kurst base and no rivers, where rainfall is highly seasonal, provides valuable insight into the specific ecological conditions that the Maya people lived in. This information helps us understand the unique challenges and adaptations that the Maya civilization had to develop in order to thrive in this particular environment.

The Harappan Civilization had a wide range of social classes, which is also known as stratification. This means that the society was divided into different levels or layers based on factors such as occupation, wealth, and social status. This stratification allowed for a hierarchical structure within the civilization, with some individuals holding more power and privilege than others.

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The Shang Civilization had 7 capital cities along the Huang Ho River. This suggests that the Shang Civilization was a significant and advanced civilization that had a well-developed political and administrative system. The presence of multiple capital cities also indicates that the Shang Civilization was geographically extensive and had a centralized power structure. The Huang Ho River, also known as the Yellow River, was a vital waterway in ancient China, and the fact that the Shang Civilization established its capitals along this river highlights the importance of water resources for their agricultural and economic activities.

The civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhay emerged between AD 800-1550 as a result of the lucrative gold, ivory, salt, and slave trade. These West African empires had abundant resources, including gold mines that attracted traders from North Africa and the Middle East. The trade in ivory, salt, and slaves further fueled their economic growth and political power. The wealth generated from these trades allowed these empires to flourish and develop sophisticated societies with advanced political systems, cultural achievements, and architectural wonders like the Great Mosque of Djenné.

The phrase "form of political ____    _____" suggests that the missing word should be related to politics. The word "varied widely" indicates that there are different forms or types of this political concept. The correct answer, "state craft," fits this context as it refers to the skill or art of governing a state or country. State craft can encompass a range of political strategies, tactics, and policies, which aligns with the idea of varied forms of political practice.

The correct answer is AD 1 because this is the year when foreign sea traders first entered Southeast Asia. This suggests that prior to this year, trade in the region was primarily conducted through land routes or by local traders. The arrival of foreign sea traders likely brought new goods, technologies, and cultural influences to Southeast Asia, leading to significant changes in the region's economy and society.

The given options suggest various factors that could have contributed to the decline of the Harappan civilization. These factors include flooding along the Indus, shifts in trade patterns, changes in rivers leading to rice cultivation along the Ganges, chronic deforestation/soil erosion, and landform uplift altering river drainage. Without more context or information, it is difficult to determine which specific factor led to the decline of the Harappan civilization.

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The correct answer is Heiroglyphics and Classical. The Egyptians had two main languages: Heiroglyphics, which was a system of writing using pictorial symbols, and Classical, which was a more formal and structured language used for literature and official documents. Heiroglyphics was primarily used for religious and monumental inscriptions, while Classical was used for everyday communication and writing. These two languages played a significant role in Egyptian culture and history.

The term "bureaucracy" refers to a system of government in which decisions are made by state officials rather than elected representatives. In the context of the given question, it suggests that a bureaucratic system was developed in Angkor to oversee the life of the people. This implies that there was a structured administrative system in place to manage and regulate various aspects of society, such as governance, law enforcement, and public services. The use of bureaucracy indicates a centralized authority and a formalized approach to governing the people in Angkor.

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Jayavarman VII destabilized the bureaucracy by giving direct power to the elite, which led to corruption and ultimately destabilized the state system. This suggests that Jayavarman VII's decision to assign direct power to the elite resulted in negative consequences for the governance of the state.

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During the Shang Dynasty, which existed between 1500-1200 BC, massive royal cemeteries were created. These cemeteries were built to honor and bury the Shang rulers and members of the royal family. The term "massive" suggests that these cemeteries were of significant size and grandeur, reflecting the power and status of the Shang Dynasty. These cemeteries were likely important cultural and religious sites, serving as a final resting place for the elite members of society and potentially containing valuable artifacts and treasures.

The given answer is correct because circumscription, population growth, class conflicts, warfare, trade, and subsistence technologies are all factors that are influenced by or have an impact on the environment. Circumscription refers to the limitations imposed by the physical environment on human societies, while population growth and class conflicts can be influenced by resource availability and distribution. Warfare can be driven by competition over resources, and trade involves the exchange of goods and resources between different environments. Subsistence technologies are the methods used by societies to obtain food and resources from the environment. Therefore, all of these factors can be considered as environmental variables.

Chinese Civilizations had the earliest form of political organization known as chiefdoms, as per legend. Chiefdoms were hierarchical societies led by a chief or a leader who held significant power and authority. These societies were characterized by social stratification, economic specialization, and centralized decision-making. The concept of chiefdoms in ancient China suggests that they were among the earliest political systems to emerge in the region, playing a crucial role in shaping the early Chinese civilizations.

The given answer suggests that cedar, lapis, metal ore, and ceramics were trade resources in Harappan civilization. This implies that these items were valuable commodities that were exchanged or sold between different regions or cities within the Harappan civilization. The trade of these resources would have played a significant role in the economic and cultural exchange within the civilization, contributing to its overall development and prosperity.

The Han Dynasty reunified the whole China region area by 221. This dynasty was known for its strong central government, efficient bureaucracy, and expansionist policies. Under the Han Dynasty, China experienced a period of stability and prosperity, with advancements in agriculture, technology, and trade. The Han Dynasty's reunification of China helped to establish a unified cultural and political identity that would shape the country's history for centuries to come.

The correct answer is "Warfare." The statement suggests that the political unification of the first large regional state in China was a result of conflicts and battles between numerous chiefdoms. This implies that warfare played a significant role in bringing about the consolidation of power and the formation of a unified state.

During the Maya period, Copan, Honduras experienced a significant decline in its population. This is supported by archaeological evidence, which shows a decrease in the number of buildings and structures in the city. Additionally, the abandonment of certain areas and the lack of new construction further indicate a decline in population. The reasons for this decline could be attributed to factors such as environmental degradation, warfare, political instability, or economic collapse. However, without further information, it is difficult to determine the exact cause of the population decline in Copan, Honduras during the Maya period.

The correct answer is "Step Pyramid." At Saqqara, there is a Step Pyramid.

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The term "lowland sequence" refers to a series or sequence of lowland areas. In the context of the given information about small river valleys in Peru's coastal plain, it suggests that there is a continuous pattern or arrangement of low-lying areas along these river valleys. This could indicate a geological or topographical feature where the land gradually slopes down or becomes lower as it follows the course of the river valleys. It implies a consistent pattern of lowland areas, possibly influenced by the flow of water and erosion processes.

The correct answer is "Chiefdoms Unified". This suggests that all of the kingdoms began as chiefdoms, which eventually came together or unified. This implies that the chiefdoms merged or collaborated in some way to form the kingdoms.

The correct answer is "Warfare Trade Ecological." This suggests that all kingdoms dissolved due to a combination of warfare, disruptions in trade, and ecological collapse. These factors likely led to a breakdown in political and economic systems, resulting in the formation of smaller, local states.

The given answer "Angkor State" is the correct answer because it accurately identifies the time period and location mentioned in the question. The period AD 802-1430 refers to the existence of the Angkor Empire, which was a powerful state in Southeast Asia. The empire was centered around the city of Angkor, which is now located in modern-day Cambodia. During its peak, the Angkor Empire was known for its impressive architecture, including the famous Angkor Wat temple complex. Therefore, "Angkor State" is the appropriate answer based on the information provided.

The correct answer is "multifactor approaches." This suggests that when it comes to state formation trajectories, there are various variables that come into play, and these variables can have different impacts in different areas. This implies that there is no one-size-fits-all approach or a single right or wrong answer when it comes to understanding how states are formed. Instead, a multifactor approach is needed to account for the complexities and unique factors that shape state formation trajectories.

In AD 500, the Tonle Sap Region starts to get unified as a political, economical, and religious center under God-Kings. This implies that during this time period, the Tonle Sap Region experienced a consolidation of power and authority, with the God-Kings playing a significant role in governing and guiding the region in various aspects such as politics, economy, and religion. This unification would have likely brought stability and cohesion to the region, allowing for the development and growth of the Tonle Sap Region as a prominent center.

During the period of 300 to 900 AD, the Classic Maya civilization reached its peak. This was a time when the political entities within the civilization were at their highest level of power and influence. The Maya also developed a sophisticated system of writing, which allowed them to record important information and communicate across different sites. However, this period was also marked by frequent warfare between these sites, as they competed for resources and territory.

During the period of 2600-1100 BC, there was a significant rise in Chinese civilization. This era marked the emergence of several important developments in Chinese history, including the establishment of the Xia dynasty, the introduction of bronze technology, the development of early Chinese writing systems, and the growth of agriculture and urbanization. These advancements laid the foundation for the subsequent dynasties and the flourishing of Chinese culture, making it an important period in the rise and shaping of Chinese civilization.

In 1430-31 AD, Angkor was sacked by Thai Europeans, and later in 1519, it was again attacked by the same group. This suggests that the Thai Europeans were responsible for the destruction of Angkor on both occasions. The phrase "Thai Europeans" refers to individuals who were of Thai descent but had European influences or connections. This explanation aligns with the information provided in the question and the answer choice given.

San Lorenzo is the correct answer because the given information mentions several characteristics associated with the San Lorenzo civilization. The time period mentioned (1250-1000 BC) aligns with the existence of the San Lorenzo civilization. The mention of dry farming and raised fields along swamps, as well as earthen mound platforms, are all characteristics of the San Lorenzo culture. Additionally, the reference to Olmec Art Style and weir-jaguars, which are half human and likely hallucinogenic shaman figures, further supports the identification of San Lorenzo as the answer.

The hydraulic irrigation hypothesis suggests that the mechanisms of large-scale irrigation are closely linked to the emergence of a state. This is because irrigation requires greater planning and coordination, which in turn necessitates strong leadership and administration. Additionally, irrigation provides more stable productivity and increased wealth, but it also requires defense. As a result, the implementation of irrigation systems leads to increasing differentiation and social inequality between leaders, administrators, and other high-ranking individuals, and commoners. This ultimately leads to the concentration of despotic power by rulers.

The given list consists of various items such as wheat, barley, legumes, sheep, goats, pigs, birds, fish, wildfowls, rushes, reeds, and flax. These items represent the goods that were produced in Egypt.

Regional trade interactions refer to the economic exchanges and relationships between different regions or areas. The given answer suggests that resources are not evenly distributed across the landscape, which creates a need for trade networks to distribute these resources. This implies that regions with abundant resources may engage in trade with regions lacking those resources. Additionally, the answer states that control over trade can lead to the emergence of social elites, political control, and a neomarxian process. This implies that those who have control over trade can gain power, influence, and potentially exploit others. Therefore, regional trade interactions play a crucial role in shaping social, economic, and political dynamics within and between regions.

Robert Carneiro is the correct answer because he is likely the person associated with the explanation provided. The explanation suggests that Carneiro's theory involves the relationship between population growth, warfare, and environmental circumscription. It states that in a circumscribed environment with population growth, out migration is not possible. This leads to warfare, which in turn leads to winners and losers, resulting in stratified social classes within a densely populated environment. Carneiro's theory likely explores these dynamics and their impact on societies.

The given information suggests that population growth is multiplicative rather than additive. This means that population growth is not simply a result of adding more individuals through births, but rather it is influenced by factors that increase mortality and decrease fertility. This concept is known as Malthusian Exponential Population Growth, which was proposed by Thomas Malthus. According to Malthus, population growth is limited by factors such as war, famine, and disease, which increase mortality rates, as well as factors that decrease fertility. Therefore, the correct answer is Malthusian Exponential Population Growth.

The correct answer "Egyptian Ecology" is likely referring to the unique ecological system found in Egypt. The Nile River Delta, surrounded by desert, plays a crucial role in sustaining the country's agriculture. The fertile soil and water from the Nile allow for the cultivation of three crops a year if properly irrigated. This ecological balance is essential for Egypt's agricultural productivity and overall sustainability.

The variables listed are factors that contribute to the formation of a state. Irrigation and agriculture are important for sustaining a settled society and forming a centralized government. Population growth leads to the need for organized governance and resource management. Trade and control over trade corridors are crucial for economic development and establishing political power. Warfare plays a role in state formation as it can lead to the consolidation of power and the establishment of a centralized authority. These variables highlight the various factors that contribute to the formation and development of a state.

The given list of crops and animals, along with the mention of elephant bones and likely labor, suggests that the civilization being referred to is the Harappan civilization. The Harappans were known for their agricultural practices, cultivating crops such as wheat, barley, dates, melons, and peas. They also raised livestock, including cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, and fowls. The mention of elephant bones indicates that they may have used elephants for various purposes, such as transportation or labor. Overall, the combination of these elements aligns with the characteristics of the Harappan civilization.

The given information indicates that there were at least 200 sites known in the covered area, with 21 regional centers and 5 large cities. Additionally, there were significant trade resources such as cedar, lapis, metal ore, and ceramics. This information aligns with the characteristics of the Harappan civilization, which was known for its urban planning, advanced trade networks, and use of natural resources. Therefore, the correct answer is Harappan.

The given answer "Harappan" is likely referring to the Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization. The explanation provided in the question suggests that the Harappan cities had advanced infrastructure such as water and sewage systems, residential districts, and administrative centers. It also mentions that the rulers of the Harappan civilization were economists rather than gods, indicating a sophisticated governance system. Additionally, the presence of seals indicating long-distance trade suggests that trade was a significant factor in the Harappan civilization.

Class conflict models explain the dynamics and tensions between different social classes in society. In this context, the capitalist class refers to the owners of the land who accumulate profits from the labor of the working class. The working class, on the other hand, are landless non-owners who are forced to sell their labor in exchange for wages paid by capitalist employers. This unequal distribution of wealth and power leads to a politically and economically stratified state formation, where the capitalist class holds more influence and control over resources and decision-making processes. Class conflict models analyze the conflicts and struggles that arise from these disparities in order to understand and potentially address them.

The given information indicates a time period of 2700-1700 BC and an environment of the Indus River Valley, where irrigation was required due to inundations. These details align with the characteristics of the Harappan civilization. The Harappan civilization existed during this time period and was located in the Indus River Valley. They were known for their advanced urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, and reliance on irrigation due to the seasonal flooding of the river. Therefore, the answer is Harappan.

The given information about the homeland of Khmer-speaking cultures and the volatile political system suggests that the answer could be the Lower Mekong. The Lower Mekong region is known for being the homeland of Khmer-speaking cultures, including the Khmer people of Cambodia. Additionally, the political situation in this region has been unstable and volatile at times, which aligns with the information given in the question. Therefore, the Lower Mekong is a plausible answer based on the provided information.

The given information states that Funan is referred to as Tonle Sap Lake/Plains in Chinese. The term "Lower Mekong" refers to the lower part of the Mekong River, which flows through multiple countries in Southeast Asia, including Cambodia where the Tonle Sap Lake is located. Therefore, it can be inferred that Funan is a part of the Lower Mekong region.