Pg Blazer - Online Test Series 1 - Anatomy

Porto systemic shunt, also known as porto-systemic collateral circulation, refers to the abnormal connection between the portal vein and systemic circulation. This shunt allows blood to bypass the liver, leading to various complications. While porto systemic shunts can occur in the liver (A), anorectum (C), and gastroesophageal region (D), they are not typically seen in the spleen (B). The spleen does not have a direct connection to the portal vein and therefore does not contribute to porto systemic shunting.

Pronation and supination are movements that involve the rotation of the forearm. These movements occur at the superior radio-ulnar joint (between the radius and ulna bones at the elbow) and the middle radio-ulnar joint (between the radius and ulna bones in the forearm). The inferior radio-ulnar joint also allows for pronation and supination. However, the radio-carpal joint (between the radius bone and the carpal bones in the wrist) does not allow for these movements. Therefore, the correct answer is D. Radio-carpal joint.

The broad ligament is not a support structure for the uterus. It is a double layer of peritoneum that attaches the sides of the uterus to the walls and floor of the pelvis. The other options, the uterosacral ligament, Mackenrodts' ligament, and levator ani, are all support structures for the uterus. The uterosacral ligament provides support to the uterus by attaching it to the sacrum. Mackenrodts' ligament supports the cervix by attaching it to the lateral pelvic walls. The levator ani muscles provide support to the pelvic organs, including the uterus.

The structures that pass from the thorax to the abdomen behind the diaphragm include the azygos vein, aorta, and thoracic duct. The azygos vein is a major vein that drains blood from the chest wall and empties into the superior vena cava. The aorta is the largest artery in the body and carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. The thoracic duct is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body and drains lymph from the lower body and left side of the upper body into the venous system. The greater splanchnic nerve, however, does not pass from the thorax to the abdomen behind the diaphragm. It is a nerve that arises from the sympathetic trunk and supplies the abdominal organs.

The correct answer is C. The posterior cruciate ligament prevents posterior dislocation of the tibia. This ligament is located inside the knee joint and connects the posterior aspect of the tibia (shinbone) to the femur (thighbone). It plays a crucial role in stabilizing the knee and preventing excessive backward movement of the tibia. When the PCL is intact and functioning properly, it helps maintain the proper alignment and stability of the knee joint.

The trigone of the urinary bladder is a triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder. It is lined by transitional epithelium, which allows for stretching and contraction of the bladder. The mucosa of the trigone is smooth, and it is derived from the absorbed part of the mesonephric duct. However, the mucosa is not loosely associated with the underlying musculature. Instead, it is firmly attached to the muscular layer of the bladder wall.

Injury to the male urethra below the perineal membrane can cause urine to accumulate in the superficial perineal pouch. The perineal membrane acts as a barrier between the superficial and deep perineal pouches. When the urethra is injured below the perineal membrane, urine can leak into the superficial perineal pouch, leading to its accumulation. The superficial perineal pouch is located between the perineal membrane and the superficial fascia of the perineum. It contains structures such as the bulb of the penis, the erectile tissue of the penis, and the urethra.

The most common site of Morgagni Hernia is the right anterior. Morgagni Hernia is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia that occurs in the anterior part of the diaphragm, specifically in the region of the foramen of Morgagni. This hernia is rare and usually presents with symptoms such as respiratory distress and gastrointestinal obstruction. Surgical repair is typically required to correct the hernia and prevent complications.

The left gonadal vein is the structure that does not cross the midline. The left renal vein, left brachiocephalic vein, and hemiazygos vein all cross the midline.

Primordial germ cells are derived from the ectoderm. During early embryonic development, primordial germ cells are specified and migrate from the ectoderm to the developing gonads. These cells eventually differentiate into sperm or eggs, which are essential for reproduction. The ectoderm is one of the three primary germ layers in the developing embryo, along with the mesoderm and endoderm. Each germ layer gives rise to different types of tissues and organs in the body.