Ендокрини и нервни систем

The given passage describes how Milica has started showing changes in behavior, becoming oversensitive and experiencing unexplained crying or laughing after the injury. The part of her body that is most likely to have been injured in this case is the "međumozak" (midbrain). The midbrain is responsible for regulating emotions and controlling involuntary movements, so any injury to this part can lead to emotional and behavioral changes.

The correct answer is "проприоцептори". Проприоцептори are receptors that inform about changes in skeletal muscles, including changes in muscle length, tension, and position. They provide information about the body's position and movement in space, allowing for coordination and control of movement.

The correct answer is окситоцин (oxytocin). Oxytocin is a hormone produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It plays a crucial role in various physiological functions, including childbirth, lactation, and social bonding. Oxytocin is often referred to as the "love hormone" due to its involvement in promoting feelings of trust, empathy, and connection.

The circulatory and respiratory systems have a role in the transportation of gases. The circulatory system, which includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells and carries carbon dioxide, a waste product, back to the lungs for elimination. The respiratory system, which includes the lungs and airways, is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body and the environment. Together, these two systems work to ensure the delivery of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide, allowing for efficient gas exchange in the body.

Low and high temperature is detected thanks to specific receptors for cold and hot.

The correct answer is "хомеостаза." The explanation is that the pituitary gland regulates the function of other endocrine glands in the body by increasing or decreasing the secretion of its hormones. This form of regulation helps maintain balance and stability in the body, which is known as homeostasis.

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The correct answer is "механорецептора" because the question asks about the receptors in the auditory and vestibular systems. Mechanoreceptors are sensory receptors that respond to mechanical stimuli such as pressure, vibration, or movement. In the context of the auditory and vestibular systems, mechanoreceptors are responsible for detecting sound waves and detecting changes in head position and movement, respectively.

The given question is in Serbian language and it asks for the term used to describe long and unbranched fibers that extend from nerve cells. The correct answer in Serbian is "нервна влакна" which translates to "nerve fibers" in English.

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The correct answer is "хеморецептора" because receptors that respond to changes in blood sugar concentration are classified as chemoreceptors. Chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect chemical stimuli and are responsible for detecting changes in the chemical composition of the blood, such as glucose levels. They play a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels and maintaining homeostasis in the body.

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Based on the description provided, the condition being described is characterized by dark pigmentation of the skin and visible mucous membranes, starting on exposed areas of the skin and places that are normally more pigmented. The appearance is typical of a hand, with the back of the hand being heavily pigmented, especially around the joints, giving a characteristic bronze color. This condition is a result of increased sodium ion excretion through urine. Therefore, the correct answer is Addison's disease.

Dendrites are the branches of a neuron that receive information from other neurons and transmit it to the cell body. They play a crucial role in the communication between neurons by collecting and integrating incoming signals. This allows the neuron to process and respond to the information it receives. Therefore, the correct answer is "доводе информацију до тела неурона" which translates to "bring information to the cell body of the neuron".

Interneurons are responsible for conducting information between two nerve cells. They act as a bridge, transmitting signals from one neuron to another. This makes the statement "спроводе информације између две нервне ћелије" (conduct information between two nerve cells) the correct answer.

Ganglije su skupovi tela nervnih ćelija u perifernom nervnom sistemu.

The given description matches the function and location of the "мали мозак" (cerebellum). It is located in the posterior part of the skull, above the medulla oblongata. The cerebellum plays a crucial role in maintaining body balance, muscle tone, and coordinating and correcting voluntary muscle movements.

Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system. They contain multiple nerve cell bodies, also known as neurons, which are responsible for transmitting and processing information. Therefore, the correct answer is "више тела нервних ћелија" which translates to "more nerve cell bodies".

The correct answer is "продужена мождина" (medulla oblongata). The medulla oblongata is responsible for controlling involuntary actions, including swallowing. It receives signals from the mouth and coordinates the contraction of muscles in the throat and esophagus to push the food down into the digestive organs.

The given statement suggests that there are a total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves originating from the spinal cord. It specifies that these are "моћданских нерава" which can be translated as "spinal nerves." The numbers mentioned before this answer option indicate the number of pairs of other types of nerves, such as cranial nerves and spinal nerves. Therefore, the correct answer is 31 pairs of spinal nerves.

The correct answer is "продужене мождине" because the blinking reflex is controlled by the medulla oblongata, which is a part of the brainstem located in the posterior part of the brain. It is responsible for regulating various involuntary functions, including blinking. The other options, such as the spinal cord, midbrain, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex, do not have direct control over the blinking reflex.

The correct answer is "чуло равнотеже" because it does not belong with the other sensory organs listed. The other options, "чуло додира," "чуло за топлоту," and "чуло за бол," are all sensory organs that detect touch, temperature, and pain respectively. However, "чуло равнотеже" refers to the sensory organ responsible for detecting balance and is not related to the other sensory organs mentioned.

The correct answer is акромегалију. Појачано лучење хормона раста у зрелом добу може имати за последицу акромегалију, која је раст и промена облика одређених делова тела. Ово се дешава када хормон раста наставља да се лучи након закршаја периода раста и развоја. Акромегалија може утицати на руке, стопала, лице и органе, што може довести до проблема са видом, слухом и функцијом органа.

Motor neurons are responsible for conducting information from the central nervous system to the effectors, which are muscles or glands that respond to the signals from the nervous system. This allows for the coordination and control of movement and other bodily functions. Therefore, the statement "спроводе информације до ефектора" (conduct information to effectors) is the correct answer.

Секретин је хормон који лучи ћелије дванаестопалачног црева. This statement in Serbian translates to "Secretin is a hormone secreted by the cells of the duodenum." Therefore, the correct answer is "ћелије дванаестопалачног црева" which means "cells of the duodenum."

The correct answer is "антидиуретички хормон, окситоцин." These hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland. Антидиуретички хормон, also known as vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH), helps regulate water balance in the body by reducing urine production. Окситоцин, on the other hand, is involved in various reproductive functions, such as stimulating contractions during childbirth and promoting milk release during breastfeeding.

The correct answer is "лева и десна хемисфера,вермис" which translates to "left and right hemisphere, vermis" in English. The question is asking about the parts of the cerebellum, and the correct answer states that the cerebellum consists of the left and right hemispheres, as well as the vermis. The vermis is a narrow, worm-like structure that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum.

Холецистокинин је хормон који утиче на пражњење жучне кесе. Жучна кеса је орган који се налази испод јетре и служи за складиштење жучи, која помаже у варењу масти. Када се унесу масти у систем за варење, холецистокинин се излучује и стимулише пражњење жучне кесе, чиме се жуча избацује у дуоденум (почетни део танког црева) и помаже у варењу масти. Стога, холецистокинин је хормон који има улогу у пражњењу жучне кесе.

The correct answer is "панкреасу" (in the pancreas). Лангерхансова острвца (Langerhans cells) are groups of cells that are found in the pancreas. These cells play a crucial role in the production and secretion of insulin, which helps regulate blood sugar levels in the body.

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter that is found in the presynaptic terminals of the motor endplate. This neurotransmitter is responsible for transmitting signals from the motor neurons to the muscle fibers, leading to muscle contraction. Acetylcholine is essential for the proper functioning of the neuromuscular junction and is involved in various motor activities in the body.

The correct answer is "пролактин". Пролактин је хормон хипофизе који се секретује у предњем делу хипофизе. Он игра важну улогу у регулацији лактације и размножавања код сисаваца. Пролактин такође има утицај на хормоне репродуктивног система и имунолошког система.

The consequence of decreased thyroid hormone secretion is mental retardation.

Based on the given information, the psychologist noticed that the student's facial expression and mood did not reflect his true feelings. His face appeared like a mask, indicating a lack of genuine emotion. From this observation, the psychologist could conclude that the student was experiencing a brain injury or damage, specifically in the area of the brain known as the "међумозга" or midbrain.

If the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex is stopped, it can lead to Addison's disease. Addison's disease is a condition where the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and sometimes aldosterone. This can result in symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, low blood pressure, and darkening of the skin.

The correct answer is "слање". The correct spelling of the word is "слање", not "слање".

The correct answer is a combination of two options: "поремећаја у раду штитне жлезде" (disorder in the functioning of the thyroid gland) and "смањеног лучења тироксина" (reduced secretion of thyroxine). Both of these conditions can lead to the symptom of гушавост (goiter), which is the enlargement of the thyroid gland.

The correct answer is "сензитивни неурони" which translates to "sensory neurons" in English. Sensory neurons are nerve cells that transmit information from the receptors to the central nervous system. They are responsible for detecting and relaying sensory information such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure. Motor neurons, on the other hand, transmit signals from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands to initiate a response. Interneurons are found within the central nervous system and facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons. "Асоцијативни неурони" is not a term commonly used in neuroscience.

The given correct answer is "неуротрансмитери се луче на крају дендрита" (neurotransmitters are released at the end of dendrites). This statement is incorrect because neurotransmitters are actually released at the end of axons, specifically from the terminal buttons or synaptic knobs. Dendrites receive signals from other neurons and transmit them towards the cell body, but they do not release neurotransmitters themselves.

The correct answer is "антидиуретични хормон, окситоцин." Антидиуретични хормон, also known as vasopressin, is produced by the posterior pituitary gland and helps regulate water balance in the body by reducing urine output. Oksitocin, or oxytocin, is another hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that plays a role in childbirth and lactation, as well as social bonding and trust. Both of these hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland.

The correct answer is "слање". The correct spelling of the word in the given sentence is "слање", not "слање".

The correct answer is "параштитна жлезда" (parathyroid gland). The parathyroid gland is responsible for regulating the levels of calcium and phosphorus in the blood. It releases parathyroid hormone (PTH), which acts on the bones, kidneys, and intestines to increase calcium levels in the blood when they are too low.

The correct answer includes three endocrine glands: the pituitary gland (hipofiza), the parathyroid gland (parashitna zlezda), and the mammary gland (grudna zlezda). These glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, which then travel to target organs or tissues to regulate various bodily functions. The sebaceous gland (lojna zlezda) and salivary gland (pljuvachna zlezda) are not endocrine glands as they secrete substances through ducts rather than directly into the bloodstream.

The correct answer includes three hormones: oxytocin, growth hormone, and antidiuretic hormone. Oxytocin is a hormone involved in childbirth and breastfeeding, as well as social bonding and trust. Growth hormone is responsible for stimulating growth and cell reproduction. Antidiuretic hormone helps regulate water balance in the body by reducing urine production.

The hormone that is responsible for causing contractions of the smooth muscles in the uterine wall, leading to childbirth, is oxytocin.

The correct answer includes the following endocrine glands that can also have external secretion: ovaries, testes, and pancreas. These glands produce hormones that are released into the bloodstream and have effects on various organs and tissues in the body. In addition to their endocrine function, the ovaries and testes also have reproductive functions. The pancreas, apart from its role in hormone production, also secretes digestive enzymes into the gastrointestinal tract.

Акромегалија је обољење које настаје хиперфункцијом хормона који лучи предњи режањ хипофизе. This statement explains that acromegaly is a condition that occurs due to hyperfunction of the hormones secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Nerves are made up of neurons, which are specialized cells that transmit signals in the nervous system. The correct answer, "више аксона" (more axons), refers to the fact that nerves typically consist of multiple axons bundled together. Axons are the long, slender projections of neurons that transmit electrical impulses to other cells or tissues. Therefore, the more axons a nerve has, the more signals it can transmit simultaneously, making it a more effective conduit for communication within the nervous system.

Адреналин је хормон који ствара срж надбубрежне жлезде. Овај хормон игра важну улогу у одговору на стрес, побољшавајући физичку спремност и покрећући брзе реакције у телу. Адреналин такође повишава крвни притисак и пушта глукозу у крвоток, што доприноси повећаној енергији и борби или бегу од потенцијалне опасности.

The correct answer is "сви наведени" which translates to "all of the above" in English. This means that all of the neurotransmitters listed (acetylcholine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline) can be found in the central synapses of nerve cells.

The correct answer is "epifiza, talamus, hipotalamus" (epiphysis, thalamus, hypothalamus). These are the parts of the brain listed in the question. The epiphysis is a small gland located in the brain that produces the hormone melatonin. The thalamus is responsible for relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including temperature, hunger, and thirst.

The correct answer is "пролактин, хормон раста" which translates to "prolactin, growth hormone" in English. Prolactin is a hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates milk production in females. Growth hormone, also produced by the anterior pituitary gland, promotes growth and development in the body. Both of these hormones play important roles in regulating various physiological processes.

The given answer is correct because the hormones secreted by the pituitary gland include antidiuretic hormone (which regulates water balance in the body), growth hormone (which stimulates growth and development), and prolactin (which stimulates milk production).

The correct answer is "хеморецептора" which translates to "chemoreceptors" in English. Chemoreceptors are sensory receptors that detect chemical stimuli in the body. They are responsible for detecting changes in the chemical composition of the blood and other bodily fluids, such as changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH levels. Chemoreceptors play a crucial role in regulating important physiological processes, such as respiration and maintaining acid-base balance in the body.

Tirоxin acts on the basal metabolism in the organism. Basal metabolism refers to the minimum amount of energy required to maintain essential bodily functions while at rest. Tirоxin, a hormone produced by the thyroid gland, plays a crucial role in regulating the metabolic rate of cells. It increases the rate at which cells convert nutrients into energy, thereby affecting the overall metabolic rate of the body.

The correct answer is "примају информације од чулних ћелија" which translates to "receive information from sensory cells" in English. This statement suggests that sensitive neurons are responsible for receiving information from sensory cells.

Based on the given options, the correct answer is "тироидне жлезде" which translates to "thyroid gland" in English. This is because Graves' disease, also known as Basedow's disease, is an autoimmune disorder that causes overactivity of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate the body's metabolism, and when it is overactive, it can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and anxiety.

The correct answer is "коре надбубрежне жлезде" which translates to "adrenal cortex" in English. Cushing's disease is caused by the hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex, leading to excessive production of cortisol.

The correct answer is "средњи мозак" (midbrain). The midbrain is responsible for controlling the correct movement and normal position of the head. It plays a crucial role in coordinating motor movements and maintaining balance and posture.

The passage describes how Petar had a disturbing dream that caused his heart to beat faster and his breathing to quicken upon waking up. Despite knowing that he is safe and nothing will happen to him, he cannot control these physical reactions because he knows that his body is responding under the influence of the autonomic nervous system and specifically the sympathetic division. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the body's fight-or-flight response, which includes increased heart rate and respiration. Therefore, the correct answer is the autonomic nervous system and the sympathetic division.

The correct answer is "болне".

Холецистокинин је хормон који делује на јетру.

Aldosterone acts on the resorption of sodium and potassium in the body. It promotes the reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions in the kidneys, leading to increased water reabsorption and blood volume. This hormone helps regulate blood pressure and electrolyte balance in the body.

The correct answer is "међумозгом" because the pituitary gland is directly connected to the hypothalamus, which is a part of the diencephalon and is located in the middle of the brain. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions, including the secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland. Therefore, the pituitary gland is directly connected to the hypothalamus, which is a part of the midbrain.

A synapse is a connection between two cells, typically a nerve cell and either another nerve cell, a muscle cell, or a glandular cell. The correct answer options include all the possible combinations of cells that can form a synapse: between one muscle cell and one nerve cell, between two nerve cells, and between one glandular cell and one nerve cell.

The correct answer includes three hormones: пролактин (prolactin), хормон раста (growth hormone), and стимулин (stimulin). These hormones are secreted by the pituitary gland and have various functions in the body. Prolactin is responsible for milk production in females, growth hormone regulates growth and development, and stimulin stimulates the production of other hormones.

The correct answer is "чуло за бол" because all the other options (чуло равнотеже, чуло додира, чуло за притисак) are sensory organs responsible for detecting physical sensations, while "чуло за бол" specifically refers to the sensory organ responsible for detecting pain.

The given answer states that the function of the structure mentioned is to enable reflex movements, control muscle tension and body balance. This suggests that the structure being referred to is responsible for these functions and not for processing sensory impulses or controlling higher nervous activities or voluntary movements of striated muscles.

The hormones secreted by the pituitary gland, known as the master gland, regulate the functioning of various glands in the body. However, the pancreas and parathyroid gland are not directly regulated by the pituitary gland. The pancreas is primarily regulated by the hormone insulin, which is produced by the beta cells in the pancreas itself. The parathyroid gland is regulated by the parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is produced by the parathyroid glands. Therefore, the hormones of the pituitary gland do not directly affect the pancreas and parathyroid gland.

Cortisol, also known as the stress hormone, plays a role in regulating carbohydrate metabolism in the body. It helps to increase blood sugar levels by promoting the breakdown of glycogen into glucose in the liver. This is important during times of stress or fasting when the body needs a quick source of energy. Cortisol also inhibits insulin secretion and can make cells less sensitive to insulin, which helps to maintain blood sugar levels. Therefore, the correct answer is "регулација метаболизма угљених хидрата" which translates to "regulation of carbohydrate metabolism."

The correct answer is a combination of electrical and chemical synapses. Electrical synapses allow for direct electrical communication between neurons through gap junctions, while chemical synapses involve the release of neurotransmitters that transmit signals across the synaptic cleft. Mixed synapses refer to synapses that have both electrical and chemical components. This combination allows for both fast and precise communication (electrical) as well as modulation and integration of signals (chemical). Sensory and motor synapses are not mentioned in the question and magnetic synapses do not exist.

The correct answer is aldosterone and cortisol. The adrenal cortex, which is the outer layer of the adrenal gland, secretes aldosterone and cortisol. Aldosterone is involved in regulating the body's electrolyte balance, particularly sodium and potassium levels, while cortisol plays a role in regulating metabolism, immune function, and stress response.