Test Your History Knowledge: 7th Grade Quiz!

After 1861, the only hanging offences were murder and treason. Treason refers to the act of betraying one's country, typically by attempting to overthrow the government or harm the sovereign. This offense was considered extremely serious and was punishable by death. The restriction of hanging offenses to murder and treason after 1861 suggests that these were seen as the most severe crimes warranting the harshest punishment.

The Bow Street Runners were a group of volunteer thief-catchers established in the 18th century. They were named after Bow Street in London, where their headquarters were located. The Bow Street Runners were known for their effectiveness in apprehending criminals and maintaining law and order in the city. They were considered pioneers in the field of professional policing and their work laid the foundation for the modern police force.

In the 14th century onwards, large crowds gathered for public hangings in Tyburn, London. Tyburn was a village located near present-day Marble Arch, and it became the main site for public executions in London. The gallows at Tyburn were infamous, and people would gather to witness the gruesome spectacle of public hangings. This practice continued until the late 18th century when public executions were moved to Newgate Prison.

Robert Peel is the correct answer because he was the British Home Secretary who established the Metropolitan Police Force in 1829. This police force, also known as the "Bobbies" or "Peelers," was the first modern police force in London and served as a model for police forces around the world. Peel's creation of the Metropolitan Police Force was a significant development in law enforcement, introducing a professional and organized approach to maintaining public order and preventing crime.

The correct answer is Australia because it is known for being a destination for transported criminals. Australia was originally colonized by British convicts in the late 18th century, and many prisoners were sent there as punishment. This history has shaped Australia's identity and is a significant part of its cultural heritage.

Newgate was England's most notorious prison in the 1800s. It was located in London and operated for over 700 years until its closure in 1902. The prison gained a reputation for its harsh conditions, overcrowding, and public executions, making it infamous among criminals and the general public alike. Many well-known criminals, including highwayman Dick Turpin and the notorious Jack the Ripper, were held and executed at Newgate. Its notoriety and historical significance as a symbol of the harsh penal system in England during the 19th century make it the correct answer to the question.

During the given time, Robert Peel held the position of Home Secretary. This position is responsible for overseeing domestic affairs, including law enforcement and public safety. As Home Secretary, Peel played a significant role in the establishment of the modern police force in England, known as the Metropolitan Police. He introduced several reforms and policies that aimed to improve the efficiency and professionalism of the police, earning him the reputation as the "father of modern policing."

Henry Fielding is the correct answer because he was a magistrate who established the Bow Street Runners. Fielding, a renowned English novelist and playwright, was appointed as a magistrate in 1749. Recognizing the need for a professional law enforcement agency in London, he organized a group of thief-takers known as the Bow Street Runners. This group was one of the first organized police forces in London and played a crucial role in crime prevention and detection during the 18th century.

Elizabeth Fry was a leading figure in nineteenth-century prison reform. She was a social reformer and philanthropist who dedicated her life to improving the conditions for prisoners and advocating for their rights. Fry believed in the importance of rehabilitation and introduced various reforms such as education, healthcare, and employment opportunities for prisoners. Her efforts brought about significant changes in the prison system and laid the foundation for modern prison reforms.

The Howard League was formed in 1866 with the aim of improving prisons. It is a penal reform organization that works towards achieving a more humane and effective criminal justice system. The organization focuses on research, advocacy, and campaigning to bring about positive changes in the prison system, such as reducing overcrowding, improving conditions for prisoners, and promoting alternatives to imprisonment. The Howard League has been instrumental in influencing policy and bringing attention to issues related to prisons and criminal justice in the United Kingdom.