3D153 CDC Volume 1

The correct answer is "Amplitude, frequency, and phase." In radio frequency transmission, modulation is used to encode information onto a carrier wave. Amplitude modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of the carrier wave, frequency modulation (FM) varies the frequency, and phase modulation (PM) varies the phase. These three categories are commonly used in RF transmission today to transmit and decode signals.

A repeater is used to extend the distance of a fiber optic communication system's link. A repeater receives the optical signal, converts it into an electrical signal, amplifies it, and then retransmits it as an optical signal. This process helps to overcome signal loss and maintain signal integrity over long distances. By regenerating the signal, repeaters allow for longer transmission distances in fiber optic communication systems.

The bandwidth of an amplitude modulated signal is two times the modulating signal because amplitude modulation creates two sidebands on either side of the carrier frequency. These sidebands contain the modulating signal and are mirrored copies of each other. Therefore, the bandwidth required to transmit the entire modulated signal is equal to twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal.

Modulating low frequency signals for transmission over long distances allows for ease of radiation. This means that the modulated signal can be efficiently transmitted and propagated through the transmission medium without significant loss or distortion. By modulating the low frequency signals, they can be converted into higher frequency signals that are better suited for long-distance transmission. This allows for better signal quality and reduces the chances of interference or degradation during transmission.

When the modulating signal and carrier signal are combined within a modulator, the resulting output signal will contain the carrier signal itself, as well as the upper sideband and lower sideband. The carrier signal represents the original frequency of the carrier wave, while the upper and lower sidebands represent the frequency components that are shifted above and below the carrier frequency due to modulation. Therefore, the correct answer is carrier, upper sideband, and lower sideband.

Pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) is a type of pulse modulation where the amplitude of the pulse train varies according to the amplitude of the input signal. This means that the height or intensity of the pulses in the pulse train changes to represent the varying amplitude of the input signal.

The bandwidth of an amplitude modulated signal is equal to the sum of the highest frequency component of the modulating signal and the highest frequency component of the carrier signal. In this case, the modulating audio signal is 10 kHz wide, so the highest frequency component is 10 kHz. Assuming the carrier signal has a frequency higher than 10 kHz, the bandwidth of the transmitted signal would be 10 kHz (modulating signal) + carrier signal frequency. Therefore, the correct answer is 20 kHz.

A positive intrinsic negative (PIN) diode is a type of photo detector that converts one photon to one electron. This type of diode has a heavily doped p-type region and a heavily doped n-type region separated by an intrinsic (undoped) region. When a photon is absorbed by the intrinsic region, it creates an electron-hole pair. The electric field applied across the diode then separates the electron and hole, allowing the electron to be collected as a current. Therefore, the PIN diode is capable of converting individual photons into electrons.

When a carrier frequency of 1 MHz and a modulating tone of 10 kHz are combined in a modulator, the resulting output signal will consist of the original carrier frequency (1 MHz), the sum of the carrier frequency and the modulating tone (1.01 MHz), and the difference between the carrier frequency and the modulating tone (.99 MHz). Therefore, the correct answer is 1.01 MHz, 1 MHz, and .99 MHz.

Sampling is the part of the pulse code modulation (PCM) process that converts a continuous time signal into a discrete time signal. In this process, the continuous signal is sampled at regular intervals to obtain a series of discrete samples. These samples represent the amplitude of the original signal at specific time points. By converting the continuous signal into discrete samples, PCM allows for efficient digital representation and transmission of the signal.

The correct answer is "percent of modulation." In amplitude modulation, the amount of effect or change that the intelligence has on the carrier signal is expressed as the percent of modulation. This refers to the percentage of variation in the amplitude of the carrier signal caused by the modulating signal. It indicates the strength or intensity of the modulating signal in relation to the carrier signal. The higher the percent of modulation, the greater the variation in the carrier signal's amplitude, resulting in a more pronounced modulation effect.

The formula to find the modulating index is deviation divided by frequency of modulation. This means that the extent of the deviation from the carrier frequency is divided by the rate at which the modulation signal varies. The modulating index is a measure of the strength or depth of modulation in a signal.

Checksum is an error detection method that adds up all the characters in a stack, divides the sum by 255, and only considers the remainder. This remainder is then sent along with the data. At the receiving end, the same process is applied to the received data, and if the remainder matches the one sent, it indicates that there are no errors in the data transmission.

A laser emits coherent light. Coherent light is characterized by its consistent wavelength, phase, and direction. Unlike incoherent light, which consists of multiple wavelengths and phases, coherent light has all its waves in phase with each other, resulting in a narrow beam of light that travels in a straight line. This property of coherence allows lasers to produce a concentrated and powerful beam of light that can be used in various applications such as cutting, welding, and medical procedures.

Laser diode power coupling is measured in milliwatts. This unit of measurement is used to quantify the power output of a laser diode when it is coupled with an external device or system. Milliwatts are a smaller unit of power compared to kilowatts and megawatts, indicating that laser diodes typically have lower power outputs. Microwatts are also a smaller unit, but milliwatts are a more commonly used and appropriate measurement for laser diode power coupling.

In forward error control, error correction takes place at the receiving end. This means that when data is transmitted, any errors that occur during transmission are detected and corrected at the receiving end before the data is processed or used. This ensures that the received data is accurate and reliable.

Overmodulating increases bandwidth due to the production of harmonics. When a signal is overmodulated, it means that the amplitude of the signal exceeds the maximum limit, causing distortion. This distortion results in the creation of harmonics, which are additional frequencies that are multiples of the original signal frequency. These harmonics contribute to an increase in bandwidth because they add extra frequencies to the signal. Therefore, overmodulating a signal increases its bandwidth.

A significant sideband in frequency modulation (FM) is considered to be one that contains at least 1 percent of the total transmitted power. This means that the sideband carries a significant portion of the signal and contributes to the overall transmission. Sidebands with less than 1 percent of the total transmitted power may not be strong enough to effectively carry the signal and may result in a weaker transmission.

Semiconductor laser diodes are applicable to fiber optic waveguide because they can generate a coherent and focused beam of light. This makes them suitable for transmitting data over long distances through the fiber optic cable. LED and photo transistors are not as suitable as they do not produce a coherent beam of light. Hybrid photodiodes and integrated photodiode/preamplifiers are used for receiving the light signal in fiber optic communication, but they are not used as the light source itself.

An optical source converts electrical energy into optical energy. This means that it takes electrical signals and transforms them into light signals that can be transmitted through fiber optic cables. This is an essential function in optical communication systems, as it allows for the transmission of data over long distances with high signal integrity.

The small current that flows from a photodiode even with no light is called dark current. This current is generated due to the random movement of charge carriers within the photodiode's semiconductor material. It is independent of the incident light and can be caused by factors such as temperature or impurities in the material. Dark current can affect the accuracy and sensitivity of photodiodes, especially in low-light conditions, and needs to be minimized for optimal performance.

Optical amplifiers are devices that amplify optical signals without converting them to and from the electrical domain. Unlike repeaters and regenerators which regenerate and amplify electrical signals, optical amplifiers directly amplify the optical signals. Receivers, on the other hand, are responsible for converting optical signals into electrical signals. Therefore, the correct answer is optical amplifiers.

A patch cord is a short section of single fiber cables that has a connector at each end. It is commonly used to connect devices in a network or telecommunications system. Patch cords are typically used to connect equipment to a patch panel or to connect two devices directly. They are often color-coded for easy identification and can be easily plugged and unplugged, making them convenient for quick connections and changes in network configurations.

The amount of ones in a data bit pattern determines the parity. Parity is a form of error checking in which an extra bit is added to a data bit pattern to ensure that the number of ones in the pattern is either always even (even parity) or always odd (odd parity). By checking the parity bit, the receiver can detect if any errors occurred during transmission.

In synchronous transmission, data is sent in blocks. Each block contains multiple characters or bits of information. If an error occurs during transmission, it can cause the entire block of data to be lost. Therefore, the correct answer is "Block of data."

In frequency modulation (FM), the amount of oscillator frequency change is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. This means that as the amplitude of the modulating signal increases, the frequency of the carrier wave also increases, and vice versa. This relationship is what allows for the encoding and decoding of information in FM signals, as changes in the modulating signal's amplitude can be used to represent different data or signals.

In phase modulation (PM), the phase of the carrier signal is shifted at the rate of the modulating signal. This means that the instantaneous phase of the carrier signal changes in accordance with the modulating signal. The amount of phase shift is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. Therefore, as the modulating signal varies, the phase of the carrier signal also varies, resulting in phase modulation.

The Straight Tip (ST) fiber-optic connector uses quick-release, keyed bayonet couplings that are preferred in situations where severe vibrations are not expected. This type of connector provides a secure and reliable connection, while also allowing for easy installation and removal. The quick-release feature allows for quicker and easier connections and disconnections, making it ideal for situations where frequent changes or adjustments may be required. The keyed bayonet couplings ensure proper alignment and prevent accidental disconnections. Overall, the ST connector is a popular choice in applications where stability and ease of use are important factors.

The responsivity of a photo detector refers to its ability to convert incident light into an electrical signal. The wavelength of light plays a crucial role in determining the responsivity of a photo detector. Different detectors have different responsivity curves, meaning they are more sensitive to certain wavelengths of light than others. Therefore, the wavelength of light is a key factor in determining the responsivity of a photo detector.

An optical receiver is a device that accepts optical signals from an optical fiber and converts them into electrical signals. This allows for the transmission of data over long distances through the use of optical fibers. The receiver plays a crucial role in the communication process by receiving and decoding the optical signals, allowing the information to be processed and utilized by other devices.

Adding more phase shifts allows for a higher number of unique symbols to be transmitted within a given bandwidth. This means that more data can be encoded and transmitted in the same amount of time, resulting in higher data rates. By increasing the number of phase shifts, the system can differentiate between a larger number of symbols, allowing for more information to be transmitted per unit of time.

The first step in the pulse code modulation (PCM) process is to band limit the analog signal. This means that the analog signal is filtered to remove any frequencies outside of a certain range, which helps to reduce noise and ensure accurate representation of the signal.

The correct answer is positive intrinsic negative and avalanche photodiode. These are the two main types of photodetectors commonly used in various applications. Positive intrinsic negative (PIN) photodiodes are made of three layers of semiconductor material and are used for high-speed and low-noise applications. Avalanche photodiodes (APDs) are also made of three layers of semiconductor material but have an additional layer that allows for the multiplication of photocurrent, making them suitable for low-light detection and high-gain applications.

When modulation is reduced to less than 100 percent, it means that the amplitude of the carrier signal remains constant. This means that there is no reduction in the power of the carrier signal. The modulation only affects the sidebands, which are the additional frequency components added to the carrier signal. Therefore, reducing modulation does not result in a reduction in carrier power.

Automatic retransmit on request is the error correction technique that sends a retransmittal request by the receiver to the sender if it finds an error in a received frame. This technique allows the receiver to notify the sender about the error and request the retransmission of the frame, ensuring the accurate delivery of data.

Vertical redundancy check (VRC) and longitudinal redundancy check (LRC) are two error detection methods that, when used together, are 98 percent effective in detecting errors. VRC involves adding an additional bit to each character or byte of data, which is then used to check for errors during transmission. LRC involves adding a parity bit to each block of data, which is used to detect errors in the entire block. By combining these two methods, a high level of error detection can be achieved.

The Subscriber (SC) fiber optic connector uses a push-pull engagement for mating. This means that the connector can be easily inserted and removed by pushing and pulling on the connector body. The push-pull design allows for quick and secure connections, making it popular in many applications.