Экзаменационный тест по социологии

The III stage in the education system of the Republic of Kazakhstan, according to the "State Program for the Development of the Education System for 2005-2010", is distinguished by the introduction of specialized education in social-humanitarian, natural science, and technological directions, as well as the opportunity to choose individual educational programs. This means that students at this stage can focus their studies on specific areas of interest and have the flexibility to tailor their education to their own needs and goals.

Преступность не является социальным институтом, так как она представляет собой нарушение законов и норм общества, а не организованную социальную структуру, которая регулирует определенные аспекты жизни общества. Банки, образование, политическая система общества и предпринимательство являются социальными институтами, так как они играют важную роль в организации и функционировании общества.

According to Max Weber, only the individual possesses motives, goals, and interests. This means that Weber believed that society is composed of individuals who have their own personal motivations and aspirations, rather than being solely shaped by external factors such as social structures or institutions. Weber's perspective highlights the agency and autonomy of the individual in influencing social action and change.

According to the theory of psychoanalysis by S. Freud, deviant behavior is believed to be a result of unsuccessful socialization during childhood. This means that when a child does not receive proper guidance, nurturing, and socialization from their caregivers or environment, they may develop deviant behaviors as a way to cope or express their unresolved conflicts. This explanation suggests that deviant behavior is not solely determined by physical factors such as the structure of the skull or genetic combinations, but rather by the social and psychological influences experienced during early development.

М.Вебер ввел в социологию понятие "идеального типа".

Weber proposed that the criteria for measuring the stratification system of society include wealth, prestige, and power. These three factors are considered important in determining an individual's social status and position within society. Wealth refers to the economic resources and assets that a person possesses, while prestige relates to their social reputation and respectability. Power refers to the ability to influence or control others and make decisions that affect society. By considering these three criteria, Weber believed that a more comprehensive understanding of social stratification could be achieved.

Until 1954, the education system in the United States was stratified based on racial and ethnic factors. This refers to the practice of segregating students based on their race or ethnicity, with separate schools and facilities for different racial groups. This discriminatory system was enforced by law and was known as "segregation" or "Jim Crow" laws. It was not until the landmark Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education in 1954 that racial segregation in public schools was declared unconstitutional.

The theory of "human capital" characterizes education as an investment in the future. This theory suggests that education and training increase an individual's productivity and earning potential, similar to how physical capital investments increase productivity in a business. It emphasizes the importance of education in developing skills and knowledge that can be used in the labor market, leading to higher wages and economic growth. This theory is often associated with economists like Gary Becker and Theodore Schultz.

The decentralized education system exists in the United States. This means that the decision-making power and control over education are spread out among various local authorities, such as school districts and individual states, rather than being centralized at the national level. This allows for more flexibility and adaptability in meeting the specific needs and preferences of different communities and regions within the country.

The correct answer is "контент-анализ" because it refers to the technique of collecting information based on systematically identifying characteristics of texts that correspond to the goals and objectives of the research. This method involves analyzing and interpreting textual data to extract meaningful insights and patterns.

The correct answer is "Открытый" because in a formalized questionnaire, an open-ended question is one where there are no predetermined answer options provided. This allows respondents to freely express their thoughts and opinions without being limited to a set of choices.

Депривация означает осознание ущемленности своего состояния по сравнению с другими социальными группами. Это означает, что человек осознает, что его положение или ресурсы ниже, чем у других групп, и это может вызвать негативные эмоции и стремление изменить свое положение.

The II stage of education in the Republic of Kazakhstan's education system under the "State Program for the Development of the Education System for 2005-2010" introduced pre-professional training in the form of elective disciplines. This means that students have the opportunity to choose specific subjects to focus on and explore their interests before entering a specialized field of study. This allows students to have a more personalized and tailored education experience, preparing them for their future career paths.

According to Robert Merton's theory, retreatists are individuals who do not accept the goals or the means approved by society. They reject both the societal goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them.

The correct answer is Эмиль Дюркгейм. Эмиль Дюркгейм is the author of the work "О разделении общественного труда" (The Division of Labor in Society).

The correct answer is individuals who occupy an unstable position between two sociocultural groups. This means that marginal individuals do not fully belong to either group and may experience difficulties in fitting in or finding acceptance. They may face challenges in terms of identity, social integration, and belonging, as they do not completely identify with the norms and values of either group. This can lead to feelings of alienation and instability in their social position.

According to Max Weber, a German sociologist, social action refers to behavior that is oriented towards others and takes into account the meaning that others attach to it. Actions such as collision between cyclists, clarification of relationships through arguments, behavior in a crowd, and parliamentary discussions involve interaction and are considered social actions. However, a scream of pain is not considered a social action as it is an individual's immediate and involuntary response to physical or emotional distress, without any intention of communicating or interacting with others.

The correct answer, функционализм (functionalism), refers to a sociological perspective that views education as a means of social control. According to functionalism, education serves the function of socializing individuals, transmitting cultural values, and maintaining social order. It argues that education plays a vital role in shaping individuals to fit into the existing social structure and maintaining stability in society. This perspective emphasizes the importance of education in promoting social cohesion and stability.

The correct answer states that solidarity is based on collective consciousness, which is a combination of shared beliefs and feelings that are inherent to members of a group or society. This aligns with Émile Durkheim's view that solidarity is founded on the collective consciousness and shared values of individuals within a society. Durkheim distinguished between mechanical solidarity, which is characteristic of primitive societies, and organic solidarity, which is present in more developed societies. The answer options that suggest that primitive societies are based on organic solidarity or that higher levels of solidarity lead to higher suicide rates are incorrect.

The correct answer is "теория социального обмена" (theory of social exchange). This is a microsociological paradigm because it focuses on individuals and their interactions within social groups. It examines how individuals make decisions based on the costs and benefits of social interactions and how these exchanges shape social relationships and structures.

The correct answer is Эмилю Дюркгейму. Эмиль Дюркгейм был французским социологом, который считал, что предметом социологии являются социальные факты. Он развил концепцию социального факта как объективной реальности, существующей независимо от индивидуальных представлений и воли людей. Дюркгейм утверждал, что социальные факты могут быть изучены и объяснены научными методами, и это является основой социологии как науки.

Pitirim Sorokin was the first to propose the concept of social mobility. He was a Russian-American sociologist who studied social change and the structure of society. Sorokin argued that social mobility, or the ability of individuals to move up or down the social ladder, was an important aspect of understanding society. He believed that social mobility could be influenced by various factors such as education, occupation, and social class. Sorokin's work on social mobility has had a significant impact on the field of sociology and our understanding of social stratification.

This interpretation of society belongs to Herbert Spencer. He compared society to an organism and viewed the evolution of society as a natural process of growth and differentiation of its parts and functions. Spencer believed that society, like an organism, adapts and evolves to survive and thrive in its environment. This perspective is known as social Darwinism, as it draws parallels between the principles of natural selection in biology and the development of society.

Макс Вебер развивал концепцию "понимающей социологии".

Огюст Конт был французским философом и социологом, который разработал теорию общественной эволюции. Он предложил классификацию общественных состояний, разделяя их на три стадии: теологическую, метафизическую и позитивную. Конт также подчеркивал значение разумности и альтруизма в развитии общества. Таким образом, данная трактовка общества, рассматривающая его как условия социального порядка и поступательного развития разумности и альтруизма, принадлежит Огюсту Конту.

In T. Parsons' theory, the function of goal attainment (goal setting) is attributed to the level of personality. This means that individuals within a social system are responsible for setting and striving to achieve their own personal goals. Parsons believed that individuals' actions and behaviors are influenced by their own personal goals and motivations, which in turn contribute to the overall functioning and stability of the social system.

Эмиль Дюркгейм ввел в социологию представление об аномии как следствии внутренней рассогласованности социальной структуры. Аномия описывает состояние общества, в котором отсутствуют ясные нормы и ценности, что может привести к социальному беспорядку и дезорганизации. Дюркгейм исследовал этот феномен в своей работе "Самоубийство", где аномия рассматривается как одна из причин социальных проблем и патологий.

This interpretation of society belongs to Ferdinand Tönnies.

The theory of "human capital" in sociology of education explains that the differences in income among adults are influenced by the amount and type of investments made in the process of education. This theory suggests that individuals who invest more in their education, such as higher levels of schooling or acquiring specific skills, are more likely to have higher incomes. It emphasizes the importance of education as an investment that can lead to better economic opportunities and higher earning potential.

An анкетное интервью, also known as a questionnaire interview, is a type of interview where the respondent is given a set of predetermined questions to answer. This type of interview does not involve any interaction or conversation between the interviewer and the respondent. Therefore, it cannot be considered a valid form of interview as it lacks the essential element of communication and interaction.

The question is asking for the term used when respondents are given a list of options but also have the opportunity to provide their own answer. The correct answer is "Полузакрытый" (semi-closed), which accurately describes this type of question where respondents have some freedom to provide their own response in addition to the given options.

One possible reason why the historical emergence of slavery was impossible is the decline in the prestige of a certain group, which led to their enslavement. This suggests that when a group loses its social status or influence, they may become vulnerable to being enslaved by more powerful groups. This explanation implies that slavery was not a result of economic factors such as debt or war, but rather a consequence of social dynamics and power imbalances.

The correct answer is "адаптация, целедостижение, интеграция, поддержание образца". These four functions, as proposed by T. Parsons in his AGIL scheme, represent different aspects of social systems. "Адаптация" refers to the system's ability to adapt to its environment, "целедостижение" refers to the system's goal attainment, "интеграция" refers to the system's ability to coordinate its various parts, and "поддержание образца" refers to the system's ability to maintain its stability and reproduce its patterns. These functions together form the AGIL scheme, which provides a framework for analyzing and understanding social systems.

The correct answer is "прикладной социологии" (applied sociology). This is because the sociology of the family focuses on practical applications and solutions to issues related to family dynamics, relationships, and social structures. It involves studying the family unit and its interactions within larger social systems, with the aim of understanding and addressing real-world problems and challenges faced by families in society.

An opinion survey can gather information about attitudes, beliefs, and preferences (knowledge) of individuals. It can also collect information about relationships and communication patterns (messages). However, it cannot gather information about "установки" which translates to "settings" in English. Settings refer to the configuration or arrangement of something, such as the settings on a device or the settings in a system. This type of information is typically collected through observation or analysis of the system itself, rather than through a survey of individuals.

The given question asks to identify which of the listed statuses is attributed. Among the options, "женщина" (meaning "woman" in English) is the only status that is attributed to a person based on their gender. The other options, such as "олимпийский чемпион" (Olympic champion), "студент" (student), "инженер-строитель" (civil engineer), and "любовник" (lover), are not inherently attributed statuses, as they can apply to individuals of any gender. Therefore, the correct answer is "женщина" as it is a status that is specifically attributed to a person based on their gender.

Джордж Хоманс является автором концепции социального обмена.

The theory of radical criminology suggests that deviant behavior is a result of the conflict between the powerful state system and the individual. This perspective argues that individuals engage in deviant behavior as a form of resistance or rebellion against the oppressive nature of the state. It highlights the power dynamics and structural inequalities within society that contribute to deviance. This explanation aligns with the principles of radical criminology, which focuses on social and political factors as the root causes of crime and deviance.

Among the channels of vertical mobility identified by P. Sorokin, the social institution that was not included is the political party. Sorokin identified the church, family and marriage, property, and the army as channels through which individuals could achieve upward social mobility. However, he did not include political parties as one of these channels.

The correct answer is "объем мобильности, дистанция мобильности". This answer is correct because it correctly identifies the two indicators that measure mobility: volume of mobility and distance of mobility. These indicators help to quantify and assess the extent and range of mobility in a given context or system.

The class, in terms of the position it occupies in society according to others, is determined by the "reputational" method. This means that one's social class is determined by the perception and reputation that others have of them. It is based on how others perceive their social status, achievements, and reputation in society. This method takes into account the opinions and judgments of others in determining one's social class.

The correct answer is "объективного метода". In sociology, the class is measured using the objective method, which involves analyzing objective indicators such as income, occupation, and education level. This method aims to provide a more accurate and unbiased assessment of social class, as it relies on measurable and verifiable criteria rather than subjective opinions or perceptions.

The correct answer is "критическая теория". This theory is not related to explaining social inequality. While the other theories listed - конфликтология, неомарксизм, теория бедности, and теория насилия - all have a focus on understanding and analyzing the causes and effects of social inequality, критическая теория refers to a broader framework of critical analysis and critique of society. It does not specifically address social inequality as its main focus.

The correct answer is "-сравнивает законы современной системы образования с законами промышленных предприятий". This answer suggests that the neomarxist theory of education, as presented by Bowles and Gintis, compares the laws and regulations governing the modern education system with those governing industrial enterprises. This comparison allows for an analysis of the inequalities and conflicts present in the contemporary education system.

According to the theory of suicide by Émile Durkheim, the correct answer is that the number of suicides does not increase during periods of economic and social stability. Durkheim's theory suggests that suicide rates are influenced by social factors and crises, such as deep social crises and economic booms. Therefore, it contradicts the idea that suicide rates would increase during periods of stability.

The correct answer is "- отсутствие у индивида или группы значимой системы ценностей". This means that the individual or group lacks a significant system of values. This can lead to a sense of emptiness or purposelessness, as well as difficulty in making decisions and finding meaning in life. It can also contribute to feelings of isolation and detachment from society.

The correct answer is "влияния биологических факторов" (influence of biological factors). This is because Ч. Ламброзо, in his book "Человек преступный" (Criminal Man), evaluated deviant behavior from the perspective of the influence of biological factors.

According to Robert Merton's theory, rebels are individuals who attempt to create a new system of values and achieve their goals through new means. This means that they reject the existing societal norms and institutions and seek to establish their own set of values and methods to achieve their objectives.

The question is asking which type of deprivation does not exist. The correct answer is "политическая" (political). This means that political deprivation does not exist.

The Warner Reputation Method, proposed in the 1940s, did not consider age as a criterion for determining the social class position of American society. The method took into account income, education, profession, and ethnic affiliation, but age was not included in the analysis.