SiSTEMul Digestiv

The stomach belongs to the digestive system. It is a muscular organ located in the upper abdomen that plays a vital role in the process of digestion. It receives food from the esophagus and breaks it down using acid and enzymes. The stomach also helps in the absorption of certain nutrients and plays a role in the immune system by killing ingested bacteria. Therefore, the stomach is an essential part of the digestive system.

The correct answer states that there are three pairs of salivary glands: parotid, sublingual, and submandibular. This is true as these three pairs of glands are the major salivary glands in the human body. They are responsible for producing and secreting saliva, which helps in the process of digestion. Saliva also helps in lubricating the mouth and aids in the initial breakdown of food. Therefore, this statement accurately describes the salivary glands.

This statement correctly identifies the function of the language, stating that it participates in the processes of swallowing, chewing, and speaking.

The correct answer is "faringele reprezintă cale comună pentru alimente și aer" because the pharynx serves as a common passage for both food and air. It is located behind the oral and nasal cavities and connects the mouth and esophagus to the larynx and trachea.

The correct answer is "realizează legătura între fosele nazale și laringe" (it connects the nasal cavities and the larynx). The pharynx is a muscular tube that serves as a passageway for both food and air. It connects the nasal cavities and the larynx, allowing air to pass from the nose to the lungs and food to pass from the mouth to the esophagus. Therefore, it is involved in both respiration and digestion.

The correct answer states that the small intestine communicates with the large intestine through the opening that is equipped with the ileocecal valve. This valve prevents backflow of fecal matter from the large intestine into the small intestine, ensuring that the flow of digested food is unidirectional. The other options mentioned in the question are incorrect.

The correct answer is that the maxilarul inferior (lower jaw) is mobile. This means that it can move up and down, allowing for actions such as chewing and speaking. The mobility of the lower jaw is facilitated by the presence of a joint called the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), which connects the lower jaw to the skull. This joint allows for the opening and closing of the mouth and the movement of the lower jaw in various directions.

The correct answer is "reprezintă partea fixă a intestinului subțire." The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine and is fixed in place, unlike the jejunum and ileum which are more mobile. It is responsible for receiving partially digested food from the stomach and mixing it with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver. The opening of the gastric glands is in the stomach, not the duodenum.

The correct answer is cecum - colon ascendent - colon transvers - colon descendent - colon sigmoid - rect. The order of passage of chyme through the large intestine starts with the cecum, followed by the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and finally the rectum. This is the correct sequence of organs that the chyme passes through during the process of digestion and absorption in the large intestine.

Proteinele sunt absorbite sub formă de aminoacizi deoarece acestea sunt moleculele de bază din care sunt construite proteinele. După digestia proteinelor în stomac și intestin, acestea sunt descompuse în aminoacizi care pot fi absorbiți în sânge prin mucoasa intestinală. Aminoacizii sunt apoi utilizați pentru sinteza de noi proteine în celulele corpului și pentru alte procese metabolice.

The correct answer is "stomacul nu este segmentul cel mai dilatat al tubului digestiv." This statement is false because the stomach is indeed the most dilated segment of the digestive tube. It is a muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus and churns it to break it down further before it passes into the small intestine. The stomach's shape is often described as resembling the letter J, and it has two curvatures, the lesser and greater curvatures. The fornix is a part of the stomach that can expand and store food temporarily.

The correct answer is "are o lungime de 4-6 m" which means "it has a length of 4-6 m" in English. This statement is true because the small intestine, including the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, typically measures around 4-6 meters in length in adults.

The true statement about the hepatic lobule is that it represents the structural and functional unit of the liver.

The correct answer is "musculatura stomacului este formată din trei straturi" which means "the stomach muscles are composed of three layers". This statement is accurate because the stomach is made up of three layers of muscles: the outer longitudinal layer, the middle circular layer, and the inner oblique layer. These muscles work together to contract and relax, allowing the stomach to mix and churn food during digestion.

The given statements are all true except for the statement that the esophagus is located superior to the pharynx. The esophagus is actually located inferior to the pharynx. It is a muscular tube that passes through the thoracic cavity and connects the pharynx to the stomach through the cardiac orifice.

The correct answer is that the musculature of the stomach is arranged in three layers: two longitudinal and one oblique. This is incorrect because the musculature of the stomach is actually arranged in three layers: an inner circular layer, a middle longitudinal layer, and an outer oblique layer.

Intestinul gros are o lungime de aproximativ 1,7 m.

Bile is a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a crucial role in the digestion and absorption of fats. However, bile does not contain enzymes. Instead, it helps in the emulsification of fats, breaking them down into smaller droplets to increase their surface area for easier digestion by pancreatic enzymes. Therefore, the correct answer is that bile does not contain enzymes.

The given statement "coada pancreasului este dispusă în curbura duodenului" is false. The tail of the pancreas is not located in the duodenal curve. Instead, it extends towards the spleen.

The false statement is "intestinul subțire comunică cu intestinul gros prin orificiul pilor". The small intestine communicates with the large intestine through the ileocecal valve, not the pyloric orifice. The pyloric orifice connects the stomach to the duodenum, not the small intestine to the large intestine.

Microvilli are actually located on the apical surface of the intestinal cells, not the basal pole. They increase the surface area of the cells, allowing for more efficient absorption of nutrients. The other statements are true: intestinal cells have microvilli, microvilli increase absorption surface area, and the submucosa accompanies the mucosa.

During swallowing, the larynx is covered by the epiglottis.

The correct answer is "este localizat sub mușchiul diafragm" (it is located below the diaphragm). This statement is true, as the stomach is positioned in the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm muscle. The other statements are false, as the stomach is not located in the thoracic cavity, not on the right side of the abdominal cavity, and it has multiple surfaces, not just superior and inferior.

The correct answer is false because the statement "musculatura stomacului este dispusă în două straturi" is incorrect. The stomach muscles are actually arranged in three layers: an inner oblique layer, a middle circular layer, and an outer longitudinal layer. This arrangement allows for the contraction and relaxation of the stomach muscles, which helps in the mixing and movement of food during digestion.

The incorrect statement about the small intestine is that the muscular layer is formed by three layers.

The correct answer is "conține enzime care acționează asupra tuturor substanțelor organice descompuse parțial în stomac." This means that pancreatic juice contains enzymes that act on partially digested organic substances in the stomach. This is an important function of the pancreatic juice as it helps further break down these substances and aids in the digestion process.

The correct answer is "I 2/2, C 1/1, PM 2/2, M 3/3". This answer represents the dental formula for the permanent dentition, which consists of 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws.

The correct answer is that the fundus of the stomach belongs to its vertical portion. The fundus is the upper part of the stomach that curves upward and to the left of the cardia. It is located above the body of the stomach and is responsible for storing undigested food and releasing it into the rest of the stomach for further digestion.

The correct answer states that the musculature of the small intestine is arranged in two layers. This is true because the muscular layer of the small intestine consists of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer. These layers work together to contract and relax, allowing for the movement and propulsion of food through the small intestine during digestion.

The correct answer is "omul este difiodont". This means that humans have two sets of teeth in their lifetime: the deciduous (baby) teeth and the permanent teeth.

The correct answer is "lobulul hepatic este format dintr-o rețea de hepatocite" which translates to "the hepatic lobule is formed by a network of hepatocytes." This statement accurately describes the structure of the hepatic lobule, which is a functional unit of the liver consisting of hepatocytes arranged in a hexagonal pattern around a central vein. The hepatocytes perform various metabolic functions and are interconnected by sinusoids, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste products within the lobule.

Bacteriile din intestinul gros sunt responsabile de sintetizarea vitaminelor din complexul B și vitaminei K. Aceste bacterii produc aceste vitamine prin fermentarea substanțelor nedigerate de către enzimele digestive. Aceste vitamine sunt esențiale pentru funcționarea normală a organismului și nu pot fi sintetizate de către organismul uman. Prin urmare, bacteriile din intestinul gros joacă un rol important în asigurarea necesarului de vitamine din complexul B și vitamina K.

The correct answer is "sucul pancreatic este alcalin, la fel ca și cel gastric." This statement is incorrect because the pancreatic juice is actually alkaline, while the gastric juice is acidic. The pancreatic juice helps to neutralize the acidic environment of the stomach and aids in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in the small intestine.

The statement "mucoasa prezintă vilozități" is not true. The mucosa of the large intestine does not have villi, unlike the small intestine. Villi are finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine. In the large intestine, the mucosa is smooth and lacks these structures.

Sărurile biliare nu sunt implicate în neutralizarea chimului gastric. Acestea sunt responsabile de emulsionarea lipidelor, favorizarea absorbției lipidelor și a vitaminelor liposolubile prin formarea de micelii hidrosolubile cu acizii grași și stimularea peristaltismului intestinal. Neutralizarea chimului gastric este realizată de către sucul gastric, care conține acid clorhidric și enzime digestive.

The given statements about the liver are all true except for the statement that the superior surface of the liver presents two longitudinal grooves.

The correct answer is "este un lichid incolor". This means that the statement "it is a colorless liquid" is true.

The incorrect statement is "hilul hepatic este localizat pe fața diafragmatică a ficatului" (the hepatic hilum is located on the diaphragmatic surface of the liver). In reality, the hepatic hilum is located on the visceral surface of the liver, which is the surface facing the abdominal organs. The hepatic hilum is the area where the portal vein, hepatic artery, hepatic ducts, lymph vessels, and nerves enter and exit the liver.

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The false statement is "acizii grași cu moleculă mică sunt absorbiți sub formă de compuși coleinici" (small molecule fatty acids are absorbed as choline compounds).