Intrebari + Probleme Macroeconomie Feaa

The answer "din toate motivele enumerate mai sus" is correct because all of the given options provide valid reasons for why the officials of the Federal Reserve face a difficult task in regulating the quantity of money in circulation. The banks and the population's behavior may counteract the initiatives of the Commercial Bank, there may be conflicting objectives expected of the Central Bank, there may not be a complete agreement on the desirable growth rate of the money supply at a given time, and there may not be a complete agreement on the means that the Central Bank should use to achieve its objectives.

The correct answer is that the federal government has authority over the money supply process and can create means to pay off debts. This means that the federal government can print money or issue bonds to cover its deficits, ensuring that it can continue to function without the risk of bankruptcy. On the other hand, New York does not have this authority and therefore cannot create means to pay off its debts, making it more vulnerable to the risk of bankruptcy.

Monetary expansion transfers purchasing power from the last users of "cheap money" to the public sector and the banking system. This means that as more money is injected into the economy, the value of money decreases, leading to inflation. The last users of this cheap money, such as consumers, will experience a decrease in their purchasing power as prices rise. On the other hand, the public sector and the banking system, which have access to this newly created money, will benefit from increased funds and potentially use them for investments or other purposes.

The concept of "cerere de bani" refers to the quantity of money that people want to possess or hold.

The correct answer is "flexibilitatea care insoteste lichiditatea" (the flexibility that comes with liquidity). This means that the main advantage of holding money is the ability to easily access and use it for various purposes. Money provides individuals with the flexibility to make purchases, investments, and payments whenever they need to, without any restrictions or limitations. It allows them to adapt to different situations and respond to their financial needs promptly.

The question states that the total population of the country in 2011 was 20 million, with 10 million of them being outside the working age. It also mentions that out of the working-age population, 1 million are actively looking for a job and the unemployment rate is 7%. To find the number of unemployed individuals, we can calculate 7% of the working-age population, which is 7% of 10 million, equal to 0.07 * 10 million = 700,000. However, since only 1 million are actively looking for a job, the number of unemployed individuals is lower, specifically 630,000.

The correct answer is that there is a negative relationship between the unemployment rate and the level of production. This means that as the level of production increases, the unemployment rate decreases, and vice versa. This is in line with the concept of Okun's law, which suggests that there is an inverse relationship between the two variables. When the economy is producing at a high level, there are more job opportunities available, leading to a lower unemployment rate. Conversely, when the level of production decreases, there are fewer job opportunities, resulting in a higher unemployment rate.

The main cause of the Great Depression, according to the authors, was the expansion of credit throughout the 1920s accompanied by a reductionist monetary policy, which made the crisis inevitable. This suggests that the excessive lending and loose monetary policy led to an unsustainable economic bubble that eventually burst, causing the severe economic downturn.

The predominant negative character of inflation derives from the distortion of relative prices. Inflation causes prices to rise unevenly, with some goods and services experiencing larger price increases than others. This leads to a distortion in the relative prices of goods and services, which can disrupt the allocation of resources in the economy. This can result in misallocation of resources, inefficiencies, and a decrease in overall economic welfare.

Expansiunea monetară se referă la creșterea cantității de bani existenți într-o economie. Această creștere a masei monetare poate duce la o creștere generalizată a prețurilor în economie, deoarece există o cantitate mai mare de bani disponibili pentru a cumpăra aceeași cantitate de bunuri și servicii. O creștere a prețurilor poate avea un impact negativ asupra puterii de cumpărare a consumatorilor și poate duce la inflație. Prin urmare, răspunsul corect este că expansiunea monetară conduce la creșterea generalizată a prețurilor.

The correct answer is "barterul" because it is an alternative to using money as a medium of exchange. Barter refers to the direct exchange of goods and services without the use of money. In a barter system, individuals trade their goods or services for other goods or services of equal value. This method was commonly used before the invention of money and is still practiced in some societies or situations where money is not readily available.

The given answer states that any or all of the options mentioned could be correct. This means that the fiscal policy could be effective in implementing monetary policy if any one or all of the following conditions are met: commercial banks want to increase the number of loans granted, the demand for money from the population has increased, or the population is willing to take on more credit. This suggests that a combination of these factors could contribute to the effectiveness of fiscal policy in implementing monetary policy.

The correct answer states that buying financial securities is favorable when the yield level is higher than the interest rate. This means that if the expected gain from the securities is greater than the interest rate, it would be beneficial to purchase them. This suggests that investing in securities would provide a higher return compared to other options such as depositing money in a bank, where the interest rate may be lower.

The investor bought 500 shares of Antibiotice S.A. Iasi at 200 lei per share and sold 700 shares of Banca Transilvania S.A. at 500 lei per share, both with a 6-month maturity. At the time of execution, the price of Antibiotice S.A. Iasi shares is 250 lei per share, and the price of Banca Transilvania S.A. shares is 400 lei per share. Therefore, the investor will make a profit of 95,000 lei.

Based on the official statistics on income and national product of the United States, it took 10 years for production and real income to reach the level they were at before the recession that occurred after 1929.

The correct answer is "toate variantele de mai sus sunt adevarate" because the statement implies that the quantity of money offered by monetary authorities can be equal to, greater than, or smaller than the quantity that the population wants to hold. Therefore, all the options mentioned in the question are true.

When a person takes on a second job, it demonstrates a high demand for income. This indicates that the person is seeking additional sources of income, possibly due to financial needs or goals. The focus here is on the financial aspect, rather than the value of money itself or any other factors. Therefore, the correct answer is "venit" which means income.

The person who decides to postpone the purchase of new furniture to see if prices will decrease demonstrates a high demand for money. This is because they are prioritizing saving money and waiting for a better deal instead of immediately purchasing the furniture.

When banks create new loans, they are effectively creating new money in circulation. This is because when a bank grants a loan, it creates a deposit in the borrower's account, which can then be used as a medium of exchange. As a result, the total money supply increases. On the other hand, if existing loans are being repaid at a faster rate than new loans are being granted, the total money supply would decrease. Therefore, the correct answer is that the total money supply increases when banks create new money through the granting of new loans.

If the entire production were composed of custom-made products, recessions would be much stronger in intensity. This is because custom-made products are usually more expensive and have a smaller market demand compared to mass-produced products. During a recession, when consumer spending decreases, the demand for custom-made products would decline even further, leading to a more severe economic downturn.

When a written deposit request is transferred through a check from one bank to another bank that does not have excess reserves, the receiving bank assumes additional responsibilities. This means that the receiving bank is now responsible for managing and maintaining the excess reserves. Therefore, the correct answer is "si rezerve excedentare" (and excess reserves).

The correct answer is "rata de discount." This term refers to the interest rate that the Federal Reserve charges member banks for loans. It is often used as a tool to control the money supply and stimulate or slow down economic activity.

The correct answer suggests that holding reserves of money provides a service to those who engage in it, and the value of this service exceeds the cost paid. This implies that there are benefits or advantages to holding reserves of money, which outweigh any associated costs.

The term "politica fiscala" refers to the manipulation of the federal budget in an attempt to manipulate the national economy. It involves the government's actions and decisions regarding taxation, spending, and borrowing to influence economic growth, inflation, employment, and other economic indicators. This policy tool is used to stimulate or stabilize the economy by adjusting government revenue and expenditure.

The correct answer is "Cresterea productiei." The Great Depression of 1929-1933 was caused by a decrease in employment, an increase in the volume of credits granted, a reduction in the volume of credits granted, or an increase in production. Among these options, the most likely cause of the crisis was the decrease in production. During the Great Depression, there was a significant decline in economic activity, leading to a decrease in production levels across various industries. This decline in production resulted in widespread unemployment and a severe economic downturn.

Diferentele dintre cantitatea de bani pe care populatia doreste sa o detina si cantitatea de bani pe care le-o pune la dispozitie Banca Centrala incurajeaza oamenii sa isi modifice cheltuielile, economiile si deciziile de investitii astfel incat sa poata genera instabilitate economica. This means that when the population desires to hold more money than what the Central Bank provides, it can lead to changes in spending, saving, and investment decisions, which can result in economic instability.

Commercial banks are allowed to create money because the public is willing to accept the bank's guarantees in exchange for other goods. This means that when people deposit money into a bank, they trust that the bank will keep their money safe and will be able to provide them with the same amount of money when they want to withdraw it. This trust allows banks to create money by lending out a portion of the deposits they receive. As long as the public continues to have faith in the bank's ability to fulfill its guarantees, the bank can continue to create money.

If banks are not required by law to hold reserves equal to a certain percentage of their deposits, it would be more difficult for monetary authorities to control the growth of the money supply. Without reserve requirements, banks would have more freedom to lend out a larger portion of their deposits, potentially leading to excessive lending and an increase in the money supply. This would make it harder for monetary authorities to manage inflation and maintain stability in the economy.

The correct answer is "stimularea investitiilor, publice si private deopotriva". This is because by stimulating both public and private investments, the economy can grow and create more job opportunities, leading to a decrease in unemployment and poverty rates. This can also boost productivity and increase the overall output of goods and services in the market. By encouraging investments, the government can attract both domestic and foreign investors, which can further contribute to economic growth and development.

When the Central Bank buys bonds from the population, it increases the money supply in the economy. This is because the Central Bank pays for the bonds by creating new money, which increases the total amount of money in circulation. Additionally, when the Central Bank buys bonds, it increases the reserves of commercial banks. This is because the money used to buy the bonds ends up in the commercial banks, increasing their reserves. Therefore, the correct answer is that it increases the money supply and the reserves of commercial banks.

A contracyclical fiscal policy aims to stabilize the economy by adjusting government spending and taxation in the opposite direction of the business cycle. When the economy is in a downturn and the GDP is decreasing, a contracyclical fiscal policy would involve increasing government spending and reducing taxes to stimulate economic growth. This expansionary policy would lead to deficits as the government spends more than it collects in revenue. Therefore, the correct answer is "deficite atunci cand scade PIB" (deficits when the GDP decreases).

From 1931 to 1939, the official unemployment rate in the United States averaged around 19%. This means that during this period, approximately 19% of the population in the United States was unemployed on average.

The correct answer is "deficitele sunt bune pentru economie". The explanation for this is that the Keynesian analysis after the Great Depression in the 1930s taught that deficits can be beneficial for the economy. According to Keynesian economics, during times of economic downturns, the government should increase its spending and run a deficit in order to stimulate economic growth and reduce unemployment. This approach is based on the belief that increased government spending can create demand and encourage businesses to invest and hire more workers, leading to economic recovery.

The use of money allows people to increase their wealth through trade.

When the public deposits money into savings accounts in commercial banks, M1 decreases but M2 remains unchanged.

When the public deposits money into savings accounts in commercial banks, M1 decreases because the money is transferred from demand deposits (included in M1) to savings deposits (not included in M1). However, M2 remains unchanged because savings deposits are included in M2.

The correct answer states that money is a stock at a given moment, while income is a flow over a period of time. This means that money represents the amount of wealth or resources a person has at a specific point in time, while income refers to the amount of money or resources that a person earns or receives over a certain period of time.

The main question that divides those who cannot agree on the appropriate role of the state in the economy is how well the markets function.

The correct answer states that in regional free trade areas, internal markets involve the free movement of goods, services, and factors of production, including capital and labor. This means that within the regional free trade area, there are no restrictions on the movement of these economic factors, allowing for greater integration and economic cooperation among member countries.

The correct answer is "oricare din metodele enumerate mai sus" because all of the methods listed can be used by the Central Bank to increase the excess reserves of commercial banks. These methods include reducing the requirements for legal reserves, extending credits to commercial banks, and purchasing government bonds. Therefore, any of these methods can be employed by the Central Bank to increase the excess reserves of commercial banks.

During the Great Depression in the years 1929-1933, the widespread bankruptcies of banks in the United States forced many people to reduce their overall expenses. This is because when banks failed, people lost their savings and access to credit, making it difficult for them to afford their usual expenses. As a result, individuals had to cut back on their spending, leading to a decrease in overall consumer demand and further worsening the economic downturn.

Banks under state regulation are limited in their ability to create money by the quantity of their reserves and the reserve requirements set by the government. This means that banks must hold a certain amount of reserves, which are deposits held by the central bank, and they must meet the reserve requirements set by the government. These requirements limit the amount of money that banks can create through lending and other activities. Therefore, the correct answer is the quantity of their reserves and the reserve requirements established by the government.

The correct answer is "Emiterea de moneda suplimentara de catre Banca Centrala". This means that the main way in which money creation is achieved is through the issuance of additional currency by the Central Bank. This process allows the Central Bank to increase the money supply in the economy, which can stimulate economic activity and facilitate lending by commercial banks. By issuing more currency, the Central Bank effectively expands the total amount of money in circulation, which can have an impact on inflation and interest rates.

The correct answer is "depozitele verificabile". This means that the most important means of exchange currently used in the United States are verifiable deposits. This suggests that electronic transactions and digital money, such as debit cards and online banking, are the primary forms of exchange in the country.

The statement suggests that commercial banks would not want to increase the level of loans to their legal capacity during a recession. This implies that commercial banks are cautious and hesitant to lend money during an economic downturn, which can further worsen the recession. Therefore, the correct answer is that commercial banks would not want to increase the level of credit to their legal capacity during a recession.

When the Central Bank buys bonds, it increases the money supply in the economy. This is because when the Central Bank buys bonds, it pays for them by creating new money. This increase in the money supply directly affects the M1 measure of money, which includes currency in circulation and demand deposits. Therefore, when the Central Bank buys bonds, M1 increases.

When a customer transfers $1000 from a credit account to a savings account in a bank, the money supply M1 remains unchanged because the total amount of money in circulation does not change. However, the money supply M2 decreases because M2 includes M1 plus certain types of savings deposits, and the transfer of funds from a credit account to a savings account reduces the amount of money in M2. Therefore, the correct answer is "M2 ramane neschimbat dar M1 scade" which translates to "M2 remains unchanged but M1 decreases".

When the central bank, in this case, the Federal Reserve, purchases government bonds from the public, it increases the reserves of commercial banks. This is because when the central bank buys bonds, it pays for them by creating new money, which is then deposited into the accounts of the commercial banks. This increase in reserves allows commercial banks to lend out more money, stimulating economic activity. Therefore, the correct answer is that it increases the reserves of commercial banks.

During the Great Depression in the 1930s in the USA, the volume of currency in circulation decreased. This can be inferred from the statement that "volumul de moneda aflat in circulatie a scazut", which translates to "the volume of currency in circulation decreased". This aligns with the economic conditions during the Great Depression, where there was a significant reduction in economic activity and a contraction in the money supply.

Monetary equilibrium refers to a state in which the supply of money in an economy matches the demand for money. When there is monetary equilibrium, the purchasing power of money remains stable. This means that people are able to buy goods and services at a consistent rate, without experiencing significant inflation or deflation. Therefore, the stability of purchasing power is directly influenced by monetary equilibrium.

The correct answer is "Rezerva minima obligatorie". The liquidity in the banking system can be ensured by the requirement of banks to maintain a minimum reserve. This reserve is a certain percentage of their deposits that banks are required to hold in cash or as deposits with the central bank. By having this reserve, banks can meet any immediate withdrawal demands from their customers and maintain stability in the banking system.

The correct answer is that the quantity of money offered to the population by monetary authorities and the banking system is always and necessarily equal to the real quantity of money held by the population. This means that the amount of money created and distributed by the authorities and banks is always matched by the amount of money held by the population.

The correct answer is "este un sistem economic si politic." The passage states that global capitalism is an economic and political system.

The population of a country is 22,000,000. Out of this, 2,500,000 are pensioners and 3,000,000 are children under the age of 15. It is given that 1,500,000 working-age individuals are unemployed, out of which 300,000 give up looking for a job and 50,000 emigrate. Therefore, the number of unemployed individuals is 1,200,000. The population occupied with jobs is 15,000,000, which means that these individuals have employment. The active population, which includes both employed and unemployed individuals, is 16,500,000. The unemployment rate is calculated by dividing the number of unemployed individuals by the active population, which in this case is 1,200,000/16,500,000 = 0.069 or 6.9%.

Commercial banks extend loans to customers by using their excess reserves. When customers deposit money into their accounts, a portion of that money is held as reserves by the bank. The bank can then lend out the remaining portion of the deposited money to other customers who need loans. This allows the bank to expand its credit and provide funds to borrowers. By using their excess reserves, banks can stimulate economic activity and support the financial needs of their customers.

The given statement is a widely accepted belief among economists. It states that excessive growth in the national money supply will lead to inflation. This is because when there is an abundance of money in the economy, the purchasing power of each unit of currency decreases, leading to a general increase in prices. Inflation can have negative effects on the economy, such as eroding the value of savings and reducing consumer purchasing power. Therefore, controlling the rate of money supply growth is considered an effective way to stabilize the rate of economic growth.

The correct answer is that through specialization and foreign trade, firms can achieve economies of scale because exporting production incurs additional costs. This statement implies that producing for export leads to additional expenses, which contradicts the concept of economies of scale where increased production leads to lower average costs. Therefore, this statement is false.

Expansiunea creditelor determinată de Banca Centrală reduce rata dobânzii de pe piața monetară. Aceasta se întâmplă deoarece Banca Centrală furnizează lichiditate în sistemul bancar prin acordarea de împrumuturi sau cumpărarea de active financiare. Prin creșterea ofertei de bani, cererea pentru împrumuturi crește, ceea ce duce la o scădere a ratei dobânzii. Astfel, accesul la credit devine mai ieftin și mai ușor pentru bănci și consumatori, stimulând astfel investițiile și cheltuielile și contribuind la creșterea economiei reale.

The correct answer is "achizitionarea sau vanzarea de obligatiuni" because the central bank can influence the excess reserves of commercial banks by buying or selling government bonds. When the central bank buys bonds, it injects money into the banking system, increasing the excess reserves of commercial banks. Conversely, when the central bank sells bonds, it absorbs money from the banking system, reducing the excess reserves of commercial banks. This allows the central bank to control the growth of the money supply and influence interest rates.

The correct answer is "obligatiile institutiilor de incredere". This is because the question is asking about what is used today as a "medium of exchange". Obligations of trusted institutions, such as government-issued currency or bank deposits, are commonly used as a medium of exchange in modern economies. Banknotes and articles with intrinsic value certified by the state are not as commonly used as mediums of exchange in today's economy.

The correct answer suggests that a constitutional amendment requiring an annual balanced federal budget would require Congress and the president to occasionally make destabilizing decisions regarding the budget. This means that in order to maintain a balanced budget, difficult decisions may need to be made that could potentially disrupt the stability of the economy.

When a customer of a bank uses a credit card to purchase a computer, the aggregate monetary measures M1 and M2 do not change. This means that the total amount of money in circulation, as represented by M1 (which includes currency in circulation and demand deposits) and M2 (which includes M1 plus savings deposits, money market securities, and mutual funds), remains the same. The purchase of a computer using a credit card does not directly impact the money supply, as it involves a transfer of funds from the credit card issuer to the computer seller, rather than the creation or destruction of money.

The correct answer is "A presupus contractarea de imprumuturi si cheltuirea lor de catre guvern." This means that the Keynesian policy involved the government taking out loans and spending the borrowed money. This policy is based on the idea that increased government spending can stimulate economic growth and help overcome recessions or depressions. By borrowing and spending, the government injects more money into the economy, which can increase consumer demand and business activity. However, this approach can have negative consequences in the short term, such as increasing government debt and potentially leading to inflation.

The correct answer is "functioneaza ca o constrangere asupra imprumuturilor acordate de banci." This means that the required reserve ratio acts as a constraint on the loans that banks can give out. Banks are required to keep a certain percentage of their deposits as reserves, which limits the amount of money they can lend out. This helps to ensure the stability and solvency of the banking system by preventing excessive lending and reducing the risk of bank failures.

Political processes stimulate public policies, which in the short term incur hidden costs borne by the unorganized and poorly informed. However, in the long term, these processes reduce hidden costs for the same group. This answer suggests that democratic political processes primarily benefit well-organized and informed interest groups in the short term.

Commercial banks create money by making loans. When a bank makes a loan, it increases the borrower's account balance, effectively creating new money. This is because the loan amount is recorded as a deposit in the borrower's account, which can then be spent or used for other purposes. This process of creating money through lending is known as fractional reserve banking, where banks are only required to hold a fraction of their deposits as reserves and can lend out the rest. Therefore, the correct answer is "facand imprumuturi".

When there is an increase in demand for deposit guarantees offered by commercial banks, it will lead to an increase in both M1 and M2 money supply. This is because the demand for deposit guarantees indicates an increase in the demand for holding money, which in turn leads to an increase in the money supply. Therefore, the correct answer is that an increase in demand for deposit guarantees leads to an increase in both M1 and M2.

The correct answer suggests that Marx and Engels described "commercial crises" or recessions as absurd because they believed that the system appeared to collapse as a result of excessive production. They believed that these crises were not inherent to the capitalist system, but rather a consequence of overproduction. They argued that if production was controlled and regulated properly, these crises could be avoided.

The correct answer is "bancile comerciale imprumuta rezervele unele de la altele." This is because the federal funds rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks borrow reserves from each other. By adjusting this rate, the Central Bank can influence the overall interest rates in the economy and control the money supply.

The distinction made between the national and local labor market takes into account the type of traded labor services, specifically those that require high qualifications and can only be provided by individuals with higher education or those with lower qualifications that can be offered by locally available individuals, such as plumbers, auto mechanics, bricklayers, etc. This distinction is based on the level of skills and qualifications required for the labor services being traded.

The correct answer is "cheltuielilor si taxelor de stat" because aggregate demand management through fiscal policy aims to control unwanted fluctuations in production and income by adjusting government spending and taxes. By increasing government spending or reducing taxes, aggregate demand can be stimulated, leading to increased production and income. Conversely, decreasing government spending or increasing taxes can help to reduce aggregate demand and control inflationary pressures.

Inflația reprezintă o politică deliberată a autorităților monetare. Aceasta înseamnă că autoritățile monetare, cum ar fi băncile centrale, iau măsuri pentru a crește nivelul general al prețurilor în economie. Acest lucru poate fi făcut prin măsuri precum creșterea ofertei de bani sau reducerea ratei dobânzii. Scopul unei astfel de politici poate fi de a stimula activitatea economică și de a combate deflația sau recesiunea.

The correct answer is "bilet la banca" because it refers to a promissory note issued by a bank, which guarantees the payment of a specific amount of currency to the holder. It is a form of paper currency that can be exchanged for goods and services or deposited into a bank account.

When the Central Bank sells bonds, the money from the sale is taken out of the economic circulation. This means that the money is removed from the economy and is no longer available for spending or investment. This action helps to reduce the money supply in the economy, which can help to control inflation and stabilize the value of the currency.

The main function of reserves that banks are required to keep is to limit their ability to create money.

Capitalul real se valorifica in procesul de productie. Aceasta inseamna ca capitalul real este folosit pentru a produce bunuri si servicii, generand astfel profit. Capitalul fictiv, pe de alta parte, este o valoare imaginara sau virtuala care nu poate fi utilizata pentru a produce bunuri sau servicii reale.

The correct answer states that the share of export flows generated by developed countries in the total world exports is decreasing. This means that developed countries are contributing less to the overall global exports, while other countries, such as developing countries, are gaining a larger share. This could be due to various factors such as changes in global economic dynamics, shifts in production and manufacturing capabilities, and the rise of emerging markets.

The correct answer is "operatiunile pe piata libera" because the Central Bank uses daily stock control techniques to monitor and regulate the liquidity in the free market. This involves monitoring the flow of money and ensuring that there is enough liquidity in the market to meet the demands of the economy. By monitoring the operations in the free market, the Central Bank can make informed decisions and take necessary actions to maintain stability in the financial system.

Politicians prefer policies that will produce short-term benefits and long-term costs because frequent election cycles incentivize them to prioritize immediate gains in order to appeal to voters and secure their re-election. This approach may overlook the potential long-term negative consequences of these policies, as the politicians prioritize short-term popularity over long-term sustainability.

Each bond has a face value of 1000 lei and an annual fixed income (coupon) corresponding to a 20% interest rate. Therefore, the annual income from each bond is 1000 lei * 20% = 200 lei. Since the person has 50 bonds, the total annual income from all the bonds is 200 lei * 50 = 10,000 lei. Over the course of 3 years, the person will receive a total income of 10,000 lei * 3 = 30,000 lei. Therefore, the correct answer is 30,000 lei.

The authors understand the phrase "artificial and unsustainable boom" as the expansion of credit without a corresponding increase in savings, which leads to the growth of investments in non-profitable businesses.

When a customer of a bank repays a loan, both M1 and M2 decrease. M1 represents the most liquid forms of money, such as physical currency and demand deposits, while M2 includes M1 plus less liquid forms of money, such as savings accounts and time deposits. When a loan is repaid, the money that was previously in circulation is removed from both M1 and M2, leading to a decrease in both aggregates.

The correct answer is "este posibil sa difere in mod substantial." This means that the amount of money offered to the population by monetary authorities and the banking system and the amount of monetary reserves demanded by the population may differ significantly. This suggests that the two quantities are not necessarily equal and can vary greatly.

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According to Okun's law, there is a negative relationship between the percentage deviation of real GDP from its potential level and the percentage change in the unemployment rate. In this case, if the actual GDP represents only 96.8% of the potential national income, it suggests a negative deviation from the potential level. As a result, the estimated unemployment rate would be higher than the natural rate of unemployment. Therefore, the correct answer is 7.8%.

The correct answer is "interesele celor aflati la putere" because politicile economice de stat reflecta de obicei interesele si prioritatile guvernului sau ale celor care detin puterea politica. Aceste politici sunt adesea formulate pentru a promova sau proteja interesele si pozitia politica a celor aflati la putere, in loc sa reflecte interesul public sau interesele majoritatii.

The correct answer is "o crestere de ansamblu a volumului imprumuturilor acordate de bancile comerciale" which means an overall increase in the volume of loans granted by commercial banks. This is the basic way in which the money supply increases. When commercial banks grant more loans, they create new money in the form of bank deposits. This increases the overall supply of money in the economy.

The correct answer is "diminuarea creditelor pentru bancile comerciale" because by reducing the loans provided to commercial banks, the Central Bank can increase the excess reserves held by these banks. This action effectively decreases the amount of money in circulation and helps to control inflation. By reducing credit, the Central Bank restricts the availability of funds for lending, which encourages banks to hold more reserves instead.

Politica anti-inflationista presupune abandonarea expansiunii monetare. Aceasta înseamnă că guvernul nu va mai injecta bani în economie prin măsuri precum reducerea ratei dobânzii sau creșterea cheltuielilor guvernamentale. Scopul este de a controla inflația, care poate apărea atunci când oferta de bani în economie este prea mare. Prin abandonarea expansiunii monetare, guvernul încearcă să limiteze creșterea prețurilor și să mențină stabilitatea economică.

During the electoral period, contractionary policies will be chosen because they immediately reduce inflation and stimulate production.

The existence of a permanent mismatch between the structure of labor demand and supply can be explained by the ongoing process of economic restructuring. This refers to the continuous changes and adjustments in the economy, such as technological advancements, globalization, and shifts in industries. These changes often lead to shifts in the demand for certain skills and occupations, creating imbalances in the labor market. As a result, there may be a persistent mismatch between the skills and qualifications of job seekers and the requirements of available job opportunities.