Fundamentals of DNA and Genetic Vocabulary Quiz

A nucleotide is the basic building block of DNA, composed of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule, and a nitrogenous base.

DNA ligase is responsible for sealing any breaks in the sugar phosphate backbone to ensure that the DNA strands are continuous and intact.

The correct answer highlights the specific similarities between DNA and RNA in terms of their location and composition of nitrogenous bases. The incorrect answers provide alternative statements that do not accurately reflect the similarities between DNA and RNA.

RNA molecules are transcribed from DNA through the process of transcription in cells. DNA serves as the template for RNA synthesis, allowing for the production of different types of RNA molecules essential for various cellular functions.

A codon is a specific sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA that corresponds to a specific amino acid during protein synthesis. It is crucial in translating the genetic code into protein.

An anticodon is a specific sequence on tRNA that complements the codon on mRNA, allowing for the correct amino acid to be transported during protein synthesis.

Transgenic organisms are specifically created by inserting foreign genes into them, not through natural evolution, lack of genetic modifications, or removal of genes.

Ribosomes are cellular organelles that play a key role in protein synthesis. They are composed of two subunits and contain various sites for translation processes. They do not store genetic information or regulate cell growth and division.

Recombinant DNA technology is commonly used in research settings to create animal models of human diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), to study the molecular mechanisms and potential treatments.

Genomics specifically focuses on studying the structure, function, and evolution of genomes, including the genes found within them. It is not directly related to studying animal behavior, analyzing food components, or the effects of climate change.

In Vivo gene therapy involves directly injecting DNA into body cells using a retrovirus vector, rather than performing surgery or altering genes in a lab setting.

Bioinformatics is a field that combines biology, computer science, and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data, such as DNA sequences. Its main purpose is to find meaningful patterns and insights from this data, particularly in DNA sequencing and proteomics, to further our understanding of genetics and related fields.

Mitochondria are known as the 'powerhouse' of the cell and are the only other organelle besides the nucleus that contains DNA. Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Golgi Apparatus are essential cellular structures but do not contain DNA.

DNA polymerase plays a key role in DNA replication by adding new nucleotides to the DNA strand. It is not involved in transcription, splicing mRNA, or translating proteins.

Ribose is a type of sugar molecule that forms the backbone of RNA, playing a crucial role in the structure and function of this essential nucleic acid.

Transcription is the process of creating an RNA copy of a segment of DNA. It is an essential step in gene expression.

In molecular biology, AUG serves as the start codon for translation, indicating the beginning of protein synthesis.

Exons are the coding regions of DNA that contain the genetic information for protein synthesis. They are spliced back together after the non-coding introns are removed during mRNA processing.

Complementary base pairing in DNA refers to the specific hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine, as well as cytosine and guanine. This pairing is essential for maintaining the double-stranded structure of DNA.

Semiconservative describes DNA replication because in each new DNA molecule, one strand is conserved from the original DNA. Conservative, dispersive, and progressive do not accurately describe this process.

The correct pairing for the anticodon GGU is the codon CCA. GGA, AGU, and UUC are not the correct codons for the anticodon GGU.

During DNA replication, adenine pairs with thymine (A-T) and cytosine pairs with guanine (C-G) in the complimentary strand.

The process of transcription involves the creation of mRNA using DNA as a template. During transcription, thymine (T) in the DNA is replaced with uracil (U) in the mRNA. Therefore, the correct mRNA sequence for the given DNA sequence AAG UUG UCG (TTC AAC AGC) would be UUC AAC AGC.

In the DNA molecule, deoxyribose is the sugar molecule that forms the backbone due to its unique structure and compatibility with the nitrogenous bases.

There are twenty different amino acids that are commonly found in proteins, each with its own unique side chain. These amino acids play a crucial role in building and maintaining the structure of proteins.

The start codon AUG in the given RNA sequence codes for the amino acid methionine, which will be the first amino acid incorporated during protein synthesis.

The DNA code AATCGGTTCCATCGG translates to the amino acid sequence of leucine-alanine-lysine-valine-alanine based on the genetic code table.

RNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for transcribing DNA into mRNA during the process of transcription. It catalyzes the formation of mRNA by reading the DNA template strand.

The RNA strand is processed in the nucleus before being translated into proteins.