Vis20: Art History

1. What is the name of the famous Paleolithic cave painting located in Lascaux, France?

Altamira Cave

Cave of Hands

Chauvet Cave

Hall of Bulls
- Lascaux, France. 15,000-13,000 BC
- Paleolitchic cave painting
- Medium: paint, pulverized charcoal and minerals.
- The proportions are not exact, they were more concerned with recreating the most characteristic features to gain the complete essence of the image as opposed to reality. Main concern was representing the animal, not locating them to a specific place.
- They painted large powerful creatures: possible a pre-hunting ritual so that the hunters could spiritually have a successful hunt . Trying to gain some control over nature

The Hall of Bulls in Lascaux, France, is a well-known Paleolithic cave painting that dates back to 15,000-13,000 BC. It is known for its depictions of large powerful creatures and was possibly created as a pre-hunting ritual.

Explanation

The Hall of Bulls in Lascaux, France, is a well-known Paleolithic cave painting that dates back to 15,000-13,000 BC. It is known for its depictions of large powerful creatures and was possibly created as a pre-hunting ritual.

2. What ancient city, located in modern-day Turkey, was a prime example of early urban civilization during the new Stone Age?

Machu Picchu - Peru, 1450

Catal Huyuk
- Turkey, 6000-5700
- During the new stone age, where people became more agrarian and domesticated animals. Cultivated farms, instead of hunting and gathering.
- Houses made out of mud bricks -- early model of an urban city.
- Houses shared common walls and traveled ontop of the roofs
- Every 4 houses share 1 shrine: held clay bull horns
- wall murals depict human figures as a composite front and profile views. Aims to explain a narrative of human dominating over animals.

Angkor Wat - Cambodia, 1113

Easter Island - Chile, 1250

Catal Huyuk was a significant urban settlement during the new Stone Age, characterized by its mud brick houses and early agricultural practices.

Explanation

Catal Huyuk was a significant urban settlement during the new Stone Age, characterized by its mud brick houses and early agricultural practices.

3. In the ancient settlement of Catal Huyuk, how was religion practiced?

The people of Catal Huyuk did not practice any form of organized religion.

Catal Huyuk Shrine
- Every 4 houses share 1 shrine: held clay bull horns

Each house had its own shrine dedicated to a different deity.

A central temple was used for religious ceremonies by all residents of Catal Huyuk.

The correct answer describes the unique way in which religion was practiced in Catal Huyuk, where every 4 houses shared a single shrine containing clay bull horns.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the unique way in which religion was practiced in Catal Huyuk, where every 4 houses shared a single shrine containing clay bull horns.

4. What is Cuneiform?

Sumerian religious practice centered around music and dance.

- Sumerian art, circa: 2100 BCE
The earliest known writing system that used wedged shaped signs. Made by the Sumerians, specifically created by the priests.
- Seen on the statue of Gudea

Egyptian form of hieroglyphics used in tombs.

Chinese calligraphy system developed during the Ming Dynasty.

Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system developed by the Sumerians using wedged shaped signs, not related to music and dance or other forms of writing systems mentioned in the incorrect answers.

Explanation

Cuneiform is the earliest known writing system developed by the Sumerians using wedged shaped signs, not related to music and dance or other forms of writing systems mentioned in the incorrect answers.

5. What is the name of the Greek statue from the Archaic Period that depicts a youth and is made of marble?

Kouros ("youth")
- Archaic Period, 600 BCE (Greek art, archaic period)
- Adopted the Egpytian pose for standing figures
- The first life sized Greek statue
- Made of marble
- Rigid frontal with the left foot advancing and fists closely to its side
- Different from egyptian art: 1) Greeks liberated their figures from the stone blocks. Egyptians were obsessed with permanence whereas the the Greeks were interested in motion. 2) Kouros is nude. The greek youths are formally indistinguishable from the Greek statues of their deities.
- The sculpture's features show the working method of the making of independent features on all four sides of the block of marble. It is not just two demensional.
- Suggests the the reproduction of rounded flesh and muscle of the human body

Colossus of Rhodes

Sphinx

Venus de Milo

Kouros is the correct answer as it refers to the youth statue from the Archaic Period. The other options provided are not accurate representations of the described sculpture.

Explanation

Kouros is the correct answer as it refers to the youth statue from the Archaic Period. The other options provided are not accurate representations of the described sculpture.

6. What is unique about the statue of Kroisos from the Archaic period of Greek art?

The statue depicts a renowned philosopher from ancient Greece.

The statue is made entirely of gold, which was unusual for that time period.

The statue represents a mythical creature from Greek mythology.

Kroisos
- Circa 530 BCE (Greek art, Archaic period)
- Statue is a grave marker to commemorate the life of man named Kroisos.
- Stance is similar to the early kouros, but there is an increased naturalism in its proportions, more rounded face, torso, and limbs
- Kroisos is smiling- the archaic greek indication of life
- Hair is not stiff, but falls naturally on his back
- Face is now proportional to its body
- Kept the natural color of the stone to represent flesh, but painted the lips, hair, and drapery in encaustic (pigment mixed with hot wax that was applied to the statue)

The statue of Kroisos is a grave marker meant to honor a man named Kroisos during the Archaic period of Greek art. It showcases a higher level of naturalism in its proportions compared to earlier works, with a smile on Kroisos' face and more rounded features.

Explanation

The statue of Kroisos is a grave marker meant to honor a man named Kroisos during the Archaic period of Greek art. It showcases a higher level of naturalism in its proportions compared to earlier works, with a smile on Kroisos' face and more rounded features.

7. Which sculpture from the Greek archaic era circa 530 wore a peplos and once held an attribute signifying she is a maiden or goddess?

Peplos Kore (not important)
- Greek archaic era, circa 530
- Wears a peplos - a simple long woolen belt that gives the female figure her columnar appearance.
- Her missing arm is extended forward, differing from the strick compressed limbs of the egyptians
- She once held in her hand an attribute that would had signified that she is a maiden or, some have suggested, a goddess.

Venus de Milo

The Thinker

David

The correct answer, Peplos Kore, is a Greek sculpture from the archaic era known for wearing a peplos and a missing arm that once held an attribute signifying her identity.

Explanation

The correct answer, Peplos Kore, is a Greek sculpture from the archaic era known for wearing a peplos and a missing arm that once held an attribute signifying her identity.

8. Which sculpture is known as Kore from Chios and belongs to the Archaic art from Greece?

Circa 800 BC

Circa 300 AD

Kore from Chios
- Archaic art from Greece
- circa 510

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Circa 1300 AD

Kore from Chios is a famous sculpture from the Archaic period of Greek art, dating back to around 510 BC. It is known for its intricate details and historical significance.

Explanation

Kore from Chios is a famous sculpture from the Archaic period of Greek art, dating back to around 510 BC. It is known for its intricate details and historical significance.

9. Which Greek deity is represented in the statue created between 470-450 BCE during the Greek Classical period and made of bronze?

Apollo

Athena

Poseidon/Zeus
- 470-450 BCE of the Greek Classical period
- Made of bronze

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Hades

The correct answer is Poseidon/Zeus as this statue is commonly referred to as the 'Poseidon/Zeus' and is believed to represent either of these two Greek gods. Athena, Hades, and Apollo are other Greek deities who are not associated with this specific statue.

Explanation

The correct answer is Poseidon/Zeus as this statue is commonly referred to as the 'Poseidon/Zeus' and is believed to represent either of these two Greek gods. Athena, Hades, and Apollo are other Greek deities who are not associated with this specific statue.

10. What famous sculpture depicts a discus thrower from the Greek archaic period?

The Thinker by Auguste Rodin- French modern period, circa 1902- Made of bronze a represents philosophical sculpture

Discobolos (Disk-thrower) by Myron
- Greek archaic period, circa 450
- Made of marble a represents athletic sculpture

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David by Michelangelo- Italian High Renaissance period, circa 1504- Made of marble a represents biblical sculpture

Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci- Italian Renaissance period, circa 1500- Made of oil paint on poplar wood a represents portrait painting

Each of the incorrect answers provided are famous sculptures from different periods and artists, but they do not depict a discus thrower from the Greek archaic period as requested in the question.

Explanation

Each of the incorrect answers provided are famous sculptures from different periods and artists, but they do not depict a discus thrower from the Greek archaic period as requested in the question.

11. Who created the sculpture known as Doryphoros (the spear bearer) during the Greek classical art era?

Doryphoros (the spear bearer) by Polykleitos
- Greek [high] classical art era, 450-440
- Polykeitos aimed to portray the perfect man: imposed order on human movement and a system of cross balance for all parts of the body.
- More pronounced contrapposto and further imposed movement to make it more beautiful and to perfect it
- The straight hanging arm echos the right stand leg to make a columnar stability needed to anchor the left side's dynamically flexed arms
- Head turns to the right while his hips turn to the left
- Asymetrical balance and a motion while at rest = harmony of opposites
- Polykleitos was influence by Pythagoruas: discovered harmonic chord of the lyre are expressed as ratios of whole numbers. Followers believed in his underlying harmonic proportions cound be found in nature and that beauty resides in harmonious numerical ratios

Praxiteles

Myron

Phidias

Polykleitos is the correct answer as he aimed to portray the perfect man through the sculpture Doryphoros, using principles of balance and harmony influenced by Pythagorean theories.

Explanation

Polykleitos is the correct answer as he aimed to portray the perfect man through the sculpture Doryphoros, using principles of balance and harmony influenced by Pythagorean theories.

12. What historical site was rebuilt after the Persian sack and oriented toward the exterior for worship?

Egyptian Pyramids - Ancient tombs for pharaohs, built as monuments of the afterlife.

Great Wall of China - Built to protect against invasions and raids from nomadic groups.

Roman Colosseum - Built in the 1st century AD for gladiatorial contests and public spectacles.

Athenian Acropolis
- Rebuilt after Persian sack, Classical era, ca. 480 BCE
- Destroyed by the Persians and kept as a war monument
- Oriented toward the exterior: exterior meant as the backdrop for worship. The aesthetic is represented on the exterior.

The correct answer is the Athenian Acropolis, which was rebuilt after being destroyed by the Persians and designed to have its aesthetic represented on the exterior as a backdrop for worship.

Explanation

The correct answer is the Athenian Acropolis, which was rebuilt after being destroyed by the Persians and designed to have its aesthetic represented on the exterior as a backdrop for worship.

13. What mythological battle is depicted at the metope of the Parthenon, representing good versus evil, the civilized Greeks versus the barbarians, and alluding to the Greek victory over the Persians?

Hercules fighting the Hydra (circa 507-506)

Theseus slaying the Minotaur (circa 1450-1415 BC)

Lapis versus the Centaurs (circa 447-438)
- At the metope of the Parthenon
- Two figures represented, depicts mythological battle
- Represents good versus evil, the civilized Greeks versus the barbarians
- Is an allusion to the Greek victory over the Persians
- Lapis: has a beautiful, calm face. It is ideal and governed by reason. In contrast the Centaur's face is contorted and twisted with emotion --> is irrational and uncivilized.

Achilles battling Hector at Troy (circa 1260-1250 BC)

The correct answer refers to the metope of the Parthenon depicting Lapis versus the Centaurs, symbolizing reason versus irrationality and civility versus barbarism.

Explanation

The correct answer refers to the metope of the Parthenon depicting Lapis versus the Centaurs, symbolizing reason versus irrationality and civility versus barbarism.

14. What is depicted in the Frieze pediments at the front of the temple from the Classical Era, ca. 438-432?

Two Kings - Drapery is exaggerated, sitting and regal poses.

Three Goddesses
- Classical Era, ca. 438-432
- Frieze pediments at the front of the temple
- Drapery is realistic. Reclined and natural poses.

Four Warriors - Drapery is abstract, standing and heroic poses.

Seven Muses - Drapery is minimalistic, floating and ethereal poses.

The Frieze pediments at the front of the temple depict Three Goddesses in realistic drapery with reclined and natural poses characteristic of the Classical Era art style.

Explanation

The Frieze pediments at the front of the temple depict Three Goddesses in realistic drapery with reclined and natural poses characteristic of the Classical Era art style.

15. What historical event is depicted in the Panathenaic Festival Procession during the Classical era?

Mayan Human Sacrifice Rituals- Pre-Columbian era, ca. 2000 BC - 16th century AD - Rituals involving offerings to the gods that often include human sacrifices.

Panathenaic Festival Procession
- Classical era, ca. 447-438
- Every four years they have a festival and bring sacrifices and gifts to the Acropolis temple to honor their city goddess's birthday.
- Horse riders: their proportions are bigger and exaggerated compared to the horses.
- Communicates the processions acceleration and declaration.

Ancient Roman Gladiatorial Games- Gladiator era, ca. 100 BC - 200 AD - Competitions held in the Colosseum to showcase combat skills and entertain the masses.

Egyptian Pharaoh Coronation Procession- Ancient Egyptian era, ca. 3000 BC - 332 BC - Ceremonial rituals where the pharaoh is crowned and paraded through the capital city.

The Panathenaic Festival Procession during the Classical era was a significant event held every four years to honor the city goddess's birthday with sacrifices and gifts, showcasing horse riders with exaggerated proportions to communicate acceleration and declaration.

Explanation

The Panathenaic Festival Procession during the Classical era was a significant event held every four years to honor the city goddess's birthday with sacrifices and gifts, showcasing horse riders with exaggerated proportions to communicate acceleration and declaration.

16. What is the significance of the Portrait of Old Man in Roman art?

Portrait of Old Man
- Roman art, ca. 50 BCE
- Constitutes the veristic style: (super realistic representation that stray from ideal depiction)
- Romans were very proud of the family likeness of their ancestors. Portraits were ways that the patrician class elevated its position in society
- All portraits were done of men in advanced age-- the aesthetic was in wisdom, age, and distinguished family.
- This bust has many rises and falls and bulges and folds on his face.
- Wanted to make a statement about the personality: serious, experienced, determined, loyal to family and state-- virtues greatly admired during the Republic

The Portrait of Old Man was created by Greek artists instead of Roman artists

The Portrait of Old Man is a fictional representation of a historical figure

The Portrait of Old Man features a young woman instead of an old man

The Portrait of Old Man holds significance in Roman art as it exemplifies the veristic style showcasing super realistic representation that deviates from the ideal depiction. It portrays the values of wisdom, age, and distinguished family, with the intention of highlighting virtues admired during the Republic period.

Explanation

The Portrait of Old Man holds significance in Roman art as it exemplifies the veristic style showcasing super realistic representation that deviates from the ideal depiction. It portrays the values of wisdom, age, and distinguished family, with the intention of highlighting virtues admired during the Republic period.

17. What was the purpose of the Pompeii Forum in Roman art?

The Pompeii Forum was the residence of the Roman Emperor during their visits to Pompeii.

Pompeii Forum
- 2nd century BCE, Roman art
- Was the center of civic life in any Roman town. Lies at the heart of the original town
- Inspired by Hellenistic architecture and has two-story porticos (colonnades) on threes ides of the long and narow plaza.
- At the north end was a temple constructed for Jupiter
- When Pomepeii became a colony to Rome, they converted it into a Capitolium (a triple shrine dedicated to Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva)
- Constructed out of tufa and covered with white stucco: different siting that Greek temples (which stood in isolation and could be approached and view from all sides)
- At the southwestern corner was the basilica: the town's administrative center and housed the law court: it is also long and narrow with two story internal columns

The Pompeii Forum was solely used for religious ceremonies.

The Pompeii Forum was originally built by the Greeks before the Romans conquered the city.

The Pompeii Forum served as the center of civic life in Pompeii, rather than being solely used for religious ceremonies, being built by the Greeks, or being the residence of the Roman Emperor.

Explanation

The Pompeii Forum served as the center of civic life in Pompeii, rather than being solely used for religious ceremonies, being built by the Greeks, or being the residence of the Roman Emperor.

18. What ancient Roman structure staged bloody gladiatorial combats and wild animal hunts in the arena?

Pompeii Amphitheater
- 70 BCE Roman Art
- Staged bloody gladiatorial combats and wild animal hunts in the arena
- Greek theaters were situated in hillsides, so supporting an amphitheater's continual elliptical cavea (seating area) required building an artificial mountain.

Pantheon

Colosseum

Parthenon Temple

The Pompeii Amphitheater staged events like bloody gladiatorial combats and wild animal hunts, making it a significant structure in Roman history.

Explanation

The Pompeii Amphitheater staged events like bloody gladiatorial combats and wild animal hunts, making it a significant structure in Roman history.

19. Where can you find the Ixion Room and House of Vetti with framed panel paintings?

Ixion Room, House of Vetti, Pompeii
- 70-79 AD
- Framed panel paintings and

Athens- 500 BC

Rome- 100 AD

Cairo- 1400 AD

The Ixion Room and House of Vetti with framed panel paintings are located in Pompeii and date back to 70-79 AD, not the other locations or time periods mentioned.

Explanation

The Ixion Room and House of Vetti with framed panel paintings are located in Pompeii and date back to 70-79 AD, not the other locations or time periods mentioned.

20. What are the main architectural features of a standard Roman house?

Peristyle and Atrium of a standard Roman house

Domus and Insulae of a standard Roman house.

Mosaic floors and frescoed walls of a standard Roman house.

Thermae and Basilica of a standard Roman house.

In a standard Roman house, the main architectural features are the Peristyle courtyard and the Atrium, which served as the central living spaces.

Explanation

In a standard Roman house, the main architectural features are the Peristyle courtyard and the Atrium, which served as the central living spaces.

21. What Roman art form was carefully crafted as a political image of Augustus as General in 20 BCE?

Egyptian hieroglyphics

Greek pottery

Roman sculptures

Augustus as General
- Roman art: 20 BCE
- Portrait of Augustus from primaporta
- Imperial portraits are carefully crafted political images that don't necessarily depict likeness
- The Roman use of art was to manipulate public opinion. Usually done by portraits and historical relief sculptures much like the contemporary political campaign

FIND MORE

The Roman use of art, especially Imperial portraits, was used as a tool to manipulate public opinion and shape political narratives, similar to contemporary political campaigns.

Explanation

The Roman use of art, especially Imperial portraits, was used as a tool to manipulate public opinion and shape political narratives, similar to contemporary political campaigns.

22. Which church is dedicated to Saint Vitalis and features two concentric octagons, alabaster-paned windows, and complex wall and vault shapes?

Hagia Sophia, Istanbul - Byzantine art, ca. 537

San Vitale, Ravenna
- Byzantium art, ca. 526-547
- During the Justinian reign, the town cite enjoyed unparallel prosperity and its culture became an extension from constantiople
- It's art clearly denotes the transition from the Early Christian Art to Byzantine style
- Dedicated to Saint Vitalis, a martyr.
- San Vitale is a unique church, is not a basilica. Features two concentric octagons
- Light is filtered through alabaster-paned windows and plays over glittering mosaics and marble. It also has complex wall and vault shapes.
- Has a two story ambulatory since it is made from the central space's large piers

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris - French Gothic art, ca. 1163-1345

St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City - Renaissance art, ca. 1506-1615

San Vitale is a unique church dedicated to Saint Vitalis with distinctive architectural features such as two concentric octagons and alabaster-paned windows. It also showcases complex wall and vault shapes, setting it apart from other famous churches like St. Peter's Basilica, Notre Dame Cathedral, and Hagia Sophia.

Explanation

San Vitale is a unique church dedicated to Saint Vitalis with distinctive architectural features such as two concentric octagons and alabaster-paned windows. It also showcases complex wall and vault shapes, setting it apart from other famous churches like St. Peter's Basilica, Notre Dame Cathedral, and Hagia Sophia.

23. What is depicted in the Victory Steele of Eannatum (Steele of Vultures) in Sumerian art?

A representation of Eannatum as a peaceful ruler focused on trade and diplomacy

Victory Steele of Eannatum (Steele of Vultures)- Sumerian art, ca. 2600-2500- record of an actual historical war because there were foreigners who were stealing water from their city. (water is a scarcity from that region) - Divided into registers - Able to tell which one Eannatum is due to the hierarchical scaling. He is significantly larger than the rest of the figures represented. - Figures are also rendered in composite view which aims to represent the body parts as their most characteristic view points.- Eannatum's army is trampling over their enemies (literally marching over them) presents their power over their enemies- In the Vulture's register: vultures are carrying off the enemies by their decapitated heads.

A celebration of a peaceful era in Sumerian history

A fictional battle between mythological creatures

The Victory Steele of Eannatum depicts an actual historical war due to foreigners stealing water. Eannatum is shown as a powerful conqueror, not a peaceful ruler. The art does not involve mythological creatures or represent peace.

Explanation

The Victory Steele of Eannatum depicts an actual historical war due to foreigners stealing water. Eannatum is shown as a powerful conqueror, not a peaceful ruler. The art does not involve mythological creatures or represent peace.

24. What is a Steele?

A style of music popular in the 1980s

A type of fencing sword

An upright piece of stone with inscription on it.
Example: Steele of Hammurabi and Steele of Eannautum

A type of metal used in manufacturing

A steele refers to an upright piece of stone with inscriptions on it, often used for monumental or commemorative purposes.

Explanation

A steele refers to an upright piece of stone with inscriptions on it, often used for monumental or commemorative purposes.

25. What are the characteristics of the Steele of Eannatum in Sumerian art?

A small and inconspicuous artwork placed inside the city

A depiction of Eannatum as larger than God, to show power hierarchy

A simple representation of Eannatum without any symbolic elements

Steele of Eannatum: God register- Sumerian art, ca. 2500- God is bigger than Eannatum, to represent his even greater significance and importance.- Has a frontal eye- He is buxom, represents his luxuriousness, and wears a royal bun.- Holds a net sack: filled with the enemies who violate the border- These steeles were planted around the city so that people who would go to the border would see this marker and be warned of the consequences.

The Steele of Eannatum in Sumerian art features unique characteristics symbolizing the god's importance, including being larger than Eannatum, having a frontal eye, and holding a net sack filled with enemies. These attributes serve specific purposes in conveying the message of warning to those approaching the border.

Explanation

The Steele of Eannatum in Sumerian art features unique characteristics symbolizing the god's importance, including being larger than Eannatum, having a frontal eye, and holding a net sack filled with enemies. These attributes serve specific purposes in conveying the message of warning to those approaching the border.

26. What is depicted in the Babylonian art piece of the Law Code of Hammurabi?

A battle scene between two ancient civilizations

A landscape painting of Babylonian countryside

Steele with Law Code of Hammurabi- Babylonian art, ca.1780 BCE- Singular slab of stone, most of which is covered in cuneiform: the written word on his law code on how he approaches a societal law)- Comprises of property laws, inheritance, crimes, etc.- Placed in the temple of the sun god- Presents two figures in hierarchical: 1 standing and 1 sitting on a throne. Seated figure (who is proportionately bigger) is God and he wears a crown of bull horns (symbol of power). His foot stool is of mountains (symbolic of his lofty divinity) - Hammurabi is approaching god, and god is handing him a measuring tool (rope) --> Ham. is doing god's bidding and that god is giving him the right authority, power, and right to judge and measure people's acts.- Justifies that his laws have a divine origin and that they much be followed.

A depiction of a royal banquet

The art piece represents Hammurabi receiving the laws from the god, symbolizing the divine origin and authority of these laws.

Explanation

The art piece represents Hammurabi receiving the laws from the god, symbolizing the divine origin and authority of these laws.

27. What are some key characteristics of the Statue of Khafre, an Egyptian art piece from ca. 2520 BC?

Made from clay, miniature in size, features Chinese characters, has a dragon symbolizing prosperity, and has a disfigured, old face.

Statue of Khafre- Egyptian art, ca. 2520- Carved from stone and scaled to roughly life size.- The side of his seated throne - hieroglyphics (one hieroglyphic presents papyrus and a lily = symbolic of the unification of upper and lower Egypt. He is the ruler of ALL of Egypt. - Hawk: symbolic of the Sun God. It hugs the head of the king to show his close divinity.- Face is symmetrical and youthful. No flaws or lines.- Broad shoulders and narrow hips = ideal body- Compact statue --> make as durable as possible

Made from marble, significantly larger than life size, includes Greek symbols, features a crocodile symbolizing the Nile God, and has a weathered, wrinkled face.

Made from wood, smaller than life size, does not include any symbolic elements, features an asymmetrical, aged face.

The Statue of Khafre is an iconic Egyptian art piece showcasing specific characteristics that are typical of ancient Egyptian art and symbolic elements representing the ruler's authority and status.

Explanation

The Statue of Khafre is an iconic Egyptian art piece showcasing specific characteristics that are typical of ancient Egyptian art and symbolic elements representing the ruler's authority and status.

28. Who is depicted in the Byzantine art mosaic in San Vitale at the apse?

Charlemagne and Attendants - Carolingian art, ca. 800 - Depicts the Frankish king with his entourage.

Justinian and Attendants - Byzantine art, ca. 526- Mosaic in San Vitale at the apse- Depicts the ruler who is also a divine ruler. At his left are his civil attendant and to his left are the church authorities.

Napoleon Bonaparte and Attendants - Neoclassical art, ca. 1800 - Depicts the French emperor with his generals.

Constantine the Great and attendants - Roman art, ca. 330 - Depicts the first Christian emperor with his courtiers.

The correct answer is Justinian and Attendants as depicted in the Byzantine art mosaic in San Vitale at the apse, highlighting the divine ruler with his civil attendant and church authorities.

Explanation

The correct answer is Justinian and Attendants as depicted in the Byzantine art mosaic in San Vitale at the apse, highlighting the divine ruler with his civil attendant and church authorities.