Understanding the Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands: Anatomy and Hormonal Functions

The thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in regulating the body's metabolic rate by influencing how fast or slow the body's functions occur.

The thyroid hormone plays a crucial role in various bodily functions including increasing metabolism, heart rate, red blood cell production, activity of endocrine tissues, iodine storage, and ensuring normal skeletal development in children.

Thyroid hormones include T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), which are essential for regulating metabolism and other bodily functions. The incorrect answers provided are not the correct names of thyroid hormones.

The thyroid gland is surrounded by the pretracheal fascia, which helps to separate it from the adjacent structures in the neck.

The thyroid gland is positioned on the side of the larynx, which makes it lateral to the larynx.

The correct location where the thyroid gland extends over is rings 2-3 of the trachea. This area is important for understanding the anatomical relationship between the thyroid gland and trachea.

The correct answer describes the elevator glandula thyroidae muscle and pretracheal fascia, which are responsible for moving the thyroid. The incorrect answers do not directly relate to the physical movement of the thyroid gland.

Multinodular goitre specifically refers to the development of multiple lumps on the thyroid glands causing it to feel lumpy. It is not related to heart disease, liver conditions, or skin disorders.

A retrosternal goitre refers to an enlarged thyroid gland that is thicker at the front and pushes down into the mediastinum, which is the area in the middle of the chest between the lungs.

The correct blood supply of the thyroid gland includes the external carotid artery giving rise to the SUPERIOR THYROID ARTERY and the thyrocervical trunk from the subclavian artery giving rise to the INFERIOR THYROID ARTERY.

The correct venous drainage of the thyroid gland includes the superior thyroid vein draining into the internal jugular vein, the middle thyroid vein draining into the internal jugular vein, and the inferior thyroid vein draining into the brachiocephalic vein.

Goitre is specifically the enlargement of the thyroid gland and is most commonly seen in women over the age of 40 due to hormonal changes.

Dysphonia is actually a voice disorder characterized by hoarseness, weakness, or difficulty in speaking.

Dysphagia specifically refers to the difficulty in swallowing, not to other health conditions or symptoms.

Goitre is primarily caused by a lack of iodine, which is essential for the production of thyroid hormone. Increased intake of iodine, genetic mutation, and excessive stress are not the main causes of goitre.

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland, leading to overproduction of thyroid hormones and resulting in hyperthyroidism.

Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to hypothyroidism, where the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, causing decreased production of thyroid hormones.

Thyroiditis refers to inflammation of the thyroid gland, causing various symptoms related to thyroid dysfunction.

The correct nerve supply of the thyroid gland is through the parasympathetic pathway, specifically the recurrent laryngeal nerve from the vagus nerve. The sympathetic pathway involves the superior cervical ganglion, the sensory pathway involves the glossopharyngeal nerve, and the motor pathway involves the hypoglossal nerve.

Goitre or a tumour can affect nerves, specifically the recurrent laryngeal nerve, leading to compression and potential issues such as stridor.

Stridor is a high-pitched wheezing sound caused by the narrowing of the upper airway. It is often associated with compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerve or other conditions that obstruct the air passage.

The thyroid gland is primarily supplied by the cervical sympathetic ganglia, which regulate its function.

Injury to the cervical sympathetic ganglia can result in Horner's syndrome, characterized by ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, and enophthalmos.

The signs of horse disease listed in the correct answer are related to eye and sweat gland abnormalities, not urination, coughing up blood, or rapid breathing.

During a thyroidectomy, it is crucial to ligate the superior laryngeal artery at the upper pole and the inferior thyroid artery to the gland in order to avoid damage to the laryngeal nerve and ensure a successful procedure.

The parathyroid glands release parathyroid hormone, which plays a key role in regulating calcium and phosphorus levels in the body.

Calcium-regulating glands help maintain proper calcium levels in the body, which is essential for the functioning of the nervous system and muscular system.

The parathyroid glands are primarily supplied by the inferior thyroid artery and veins, which provide the necessary blood flow for the gland's functions.

The correct answer is Vagus nerve cervical sympathetic ganglia because these are the nerves responsible for the nervous supply to the parathyroid glands.