Psych Section 2 Exam 2

Learning is not limited to just memorization and can involve various types. It is a continuous process that can lead to a change in behavior or knowledge.

Habituation refers to the gradual reduction in responding to a stimulus due to repeated or prolonged exposure. It is different from other forms of learning such as classical conditioning or operant conditioning.

Behaviorism, a psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors, plays a significant role in the study of learning. Learning processes can be observed and demonstrated, aligning with the principles of behaviorist psychology.

Classical conditioning specifically deals with the association of a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response, leading to the neutral stimulus also evoking the same response over time.

Classical conditioning involves the pairing of stimuli and responses to create associations between them. The correct elements are the unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, and conditioned response.

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is something that will reliably produce a naturally occurring reaction, such as food in front of a dog. The conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after being repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response. A neutral stimulus does not produce any specific reaction before conditioning. Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the probability of a desired behavior, which is different from the concept of unconditioned stimulus.

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, UR refers to the unconditioned response, which is a reflexive action elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without any prior learning. The other options describe different components of classical conditioning to help distinguish them from the correct answer.

In classical conditioning, a conditioned response (CR) is a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. It is different from an unconditioned response (UR) as it is elicited only by the conditioned stimulus (CS) after learning.

In classical conditioning, acquisition refers to the phase when a neutral stimulus (NS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) in order to elicit a conditioned response (CR). This process involves pairing the NS and US together to establish an association between the two stimuli.

Extinction in classical conditioning refers to the gradual decrease in a learned response when the unconditioned stimulus (US) is no longer presented alongside the conditioned stimulus (CS). This process involves unlearning the association between the CS and the US over time, leading to the decline of the conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery refers to the reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period. It does not involve immediate extinction, reinforcement through repetition, or the initial association between stimuli.

Spontaneous recovery refers to the re-emergence of a conditioned response after a period of extinction. In the context of relearning CS after spontaneous recovery, the correct answer highlights that conditioning to the conditioned stimulus (CS) is much more rapid the second time around compared to the initial learning process.

Generalization in classical conditioning refers to the tendency of a similar stimuli to elicit the same response as the original conditioned stimulus. This concept highlights the flexibility of learned responses to similar stimuli.

Discrimination in classical conditioning refers to the ability to differentiate between similar stimuli and respond only to the relevant one. This helps to prevent generalization of responses to unrelated stimuli.

Watson and Rayners experiment on Little Albert is a classic study in behaviorism that showed how emotions can be conditioned and highlighted the influence of the environment on behavior.

The amygdala is a key structure in the brain involved in emotional learning and memory, including fear conditioning and the formation of emotional memories. The cerebellum is responsible for coordination and motor control, the hippocampus is involved in memory formation, and the prefrontal cortex is responsible for decision-making and impulse control.

Classical conditioning with cognitive elements suggests that animals take into account the reliability of the conditioned stimulus and set up expectations based on their past experiences, as seen in the examples provided in the correct answer.

Rescorla and Wagner's study showed that cognition plays a key role in classical conditioning, specifically that the conditioned response (CC) only occurs when the animal learns to set up expectations based on the conditioned stimulus.

Classical conditioning is typically more effective when the conditioned stimulus is unfamiliar to the subject, as it helps in creating a stronger association between the CS and the unconditioned stimulus.

The correct abbreviation for United States is 'US'. 'USA' stands for United States of America, 'UK' stands for United Kingdom, and 'UAE' stands for United Arab Emirates.

In the context of classical conditioning, US refers to the unconditioned stimulus, CS refers to the conditioned stimulus, and UR refers to the unconditioned response. Therefore, the correct answer is UR.

The correct abbreviation for Computer Science is CS, which stands for Computer Science. The incorrect answers are CR, CP, and CE, which do not represent Computer Science.

Classical conditioning involves associating an involuntary response and a stimulus. Stimulus substitution suggests that the paired stimulus replaces the original stimulus triggering the response, while information theory proposes that conditioning is based on the amount of learned information about the relationship between the two stimuli.

Stimulus substitution (CC) involves replacing one stimulus with another to evoke the same response. In the correct example, instead of hearing a bell, seeing food elicits a response. The incorrect answers do not demonstrate the concept of stimulus substitution.

In the context of information theory (CC), CS refers to 'Channel State', which involves providing information about the current state of the communication channel being used.

The cerebellum is responsible for motor control and coordination, while the cerebrum is involved in higher brain functions like reasoning and problem-solving. The medulla oblongata controls autonomic functions like heart rate and breathing, and the amygdala is involved in processing emotions.