Psych Exam 2

Self-promotion involves highlighting specific personal aspects or qualities to others and oneself, often for the purpose of favorable impression or advancement.

Ingratiation is the act of trying to get someone's approval by praising them. Flattery, fabrication, and alienation do not accurately describe this concept.

In this scenario, the correct term for the rejection of in-group members who threaten the positive image of the group is known as 'The black sleep effect.' The other options provided are different psychological phenomena that do not specifically relate to this concept.

When it comes to attributions for behavior, situational attributions focus on external factors such as the situation or environment influencing behavior, while dispositional attributions focus on internal factors like personality or traits. This concept is known as the fundamental attribution error.

Social identity refers to the sense of belonging to a group or category. It shapes how we define ourselves and how we perceive others. Individual identity, personal belief, and cultural heritage are important aspects of an individual's identity but do not specifically relate to the concept of social identity.

The correct term for the comparisons described in the question, where Chris is comparing himself to other college students, is 'intragroup' as it refers to comparisons within the same group or category.

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own capability to achieve goals. It goes beyond just confidence, motivation, or determination, as it specifically focuses on one's belief in their own abilities.

Self-esteem specifically relates to a person's own evaluation or perception of themselves, not how others view them or factors like education level or emotional perception.

Upward social comparison refers to the process of comparing ourselves to someone who we perceive as being better or more capable than us in a particular area. This can be a source of motivation or inspiration, but can also lead to feelings of inadequacy or inferiority.

The above average effect refers to the tendency for individuals to overestimate their own abilities or qualities in relation to others. Option A is the opposite of the above average effect, option B is unrelated to the concept, and option C describes a different cognitive bias.

The correct term that fits the description of people avoiding responsibility for failures and accepting credit for successes is self-serving bias. It refers to the tendency to attribute positive events to one's own character or actions, but attribute negative events to external factors.

Stereotype threat is a phenomenon where individuals are at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about their social group. This can lead to underperformance and increased anxiety.

Attitudes refer to our overall evaluation of various aspects of the social world, including people, objects, events, and ideas. While feelings, beliefs, and opinions can be components of attitudes, attitudes encompass a broader concept of evaluation.

Initial evaluation of a stimulus typically involves a quick response of liking or disliking before further analysis or consideration.

Attitudes play a significant role in shaping social interactions, relationships, and decision-making processes.

Implicit attitudes are subconscious beliefs that influence our behavior, while explicit attitudes are consciously held beliefs. Negative reactions to stigmatized group members are often the result of implicit biases that we may not be aware of.

Classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning are both examples of social learning processes in attitude formation, as they involve acquiring attitudes through observation, imitation, or interaction with others.

Classical conditioning, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through association where two stimuli are paired together to produce a learned response.

Subliminal conditioning refers to the process of conditioning that occurs below the threshold of conscious awareness, making it difficult for individuals to detect or consciously process the stimuli being presented.

In instrumental conditioning, behavior is strengthened by reinforcement, which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated in the future. Punishment, ignoring, or discouraging behavior are not effective ways to increase the frequency of behavior.

Social comparison is the process through which individuals evaluate their own opinions, abilities, and internal states by comparing themselves to others. It helps us confirm whether our social reality is accurate or not.

Observational learning refers to learning that occurs through observing the behaviors of others. In this case, forming an attitude by watching TV involves observing and learning from the attitudes presented on television.

The correct answer reflects the concept that individuals often align their values and identities with members of their reference groups, such as friends, family, or colleagues, as they share similar beliefs and behaviors.

The correct answer indicates that while the relationship between attitudes and behavior is generally reliable, there are certain exceptions where attitudes may not align with behavior.

Pluralistic ignorance occurs when individuals in a group mistakenly believe that their own attitudes and beliefs are different from the majority, even though the majority actually holds similar views. This can lead to a perpetuation of false beliefs and behaviors within the group.

Strongest attitudes are typically formed through personal involvement and firsthand encounters, hence direct experience tends to have the most impact on an individual.

High school students are more likely to listen to and be influenced by their peers, especially those who are attractive and popular, rather than authority figures such as teachers or parents. A professional motivational speaker may not have the same level of relatability and influence as a peer.