Psychology 102: Developmental Processes and Theories Exam Review

Plasticity is the ability to change and adapt, while rigidity, inflexibility, and stagnation refer to the opposite - the inability to change or adapt.

Biological processes refer to those activities that produce changes in an individual's physical nature, such as growth, maturation, and aging. Psychological factors, social interactions, and environmental influences can also play a role in shaping an individual's development, but they are not specifically related to the physical changes in one's nature.

Cognitive Processes encompass the mental activities that involve acquiring, storing, and using knowledge, including thinking, memory, problem-solving, and language comprehension.

Socioemotional processes encompass changes in an individual's social interactions, emotions, and personality, whereas cognitive development refers to changes in thinking and understanding, physical growth pertains to changes in body size and abilities, and sensory adaptation involves adjustments in sensory perception over time.

Developmental Theories refer to the framework of principles used to study the development of individuals, while the incorrect answers do not specifically focus on the systematic principles and generalizations needed for studying development.

Psychoanalytic theory, developed by Sigmund Freud, focuses on unconscious motivations and early childhood experiences. Cognitive theory emphasizes mental processes, while behavioral theory concentrates on observable behaviors. Humanistic theory emphasizes personal growth and self-actualization.

Information-Processing Theory focuses on how individuals process information to acquire knowledge and skills, while Behavioral Theory focuses on observable behaviors, Cognitive Theory focuses on mental processes, and Social Learning Theory emphasizes on how individuals learn from observing others in a social context.

Cross-Sectional Research involves studying different groups at one point in time to compare variables of interest. Longitudinal Research involves studying the same group over an extended period. Experimental Research involves manipulating variables to test cause and effect. Qualitative Research involves studying non-numeric data to understand concepts.

Longitudinal research involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period, allowing for the observation of changes and development. Cross-sectional research involves studying different groups of individuals at one specific point in time. Experimental research involves manipulating variables to observe outcomes. Qualitative research focuses on exploring and understanding attitudes, behaviors, and experiences through methods such as interviews and observations.

Cross-Sequential Research combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods by studying different age groups longitudinally. Cross-Sectional Research involves studying different groups of people at one specific point in time. Longitudinal Research follows the same group of people over an extended period of time. Sequential Research involves studying different groups of people at different points in time.

Freud is known for his theories on the development of the human mind, including the concept of psychosocial stages. Piaget is known for his theory on cognitive development, Erikson is known for his psychosocial development theory, and Skinner is known for his operant conditioning theory, all of which are not directly related to psychosocial stages through adolescence as proposed by Freud.

Erik Erikson is a developmental psychologist known for his theory of psychosocial development which outlines eight stages that individuals go through across their lifespan. Sigmund Freud is known for psychoanalytic theory, Jean Piaget for cognitive development theory, and Abraham Maslow for the hierarchy of needs theory.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on the role of culture and social interaction in cognitive development, while Information Processing theory views the mind as a computer-like system for processing information.

The correct answer is Piaget, who proposed the theory of cognitive development suggesting that individuals progress through four stages of intellectual growth, each marked by distinct ways of thinking and understanding the world. The other options, Freud, Skinner, and Erikson, are known for their work in other areas of psychology such as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and psychosocial development, respectively.

Freud, known for his psychoanalytic theory, delved into the concept of the unconscious mind and how conflicts between id, ego, and superego shape human behavior and development. Skinner, Jung, and Pavlov focused on behaviorism, archetypes, and classical conditioning, respectively, and their work does not directly address the same aspects of human conflict resolution as Freud.

Erik Erikson, a renowned developmental psychologist, proposed the theory of psychosocial development which emphasized the importance of social interactions and conflicts throughout the lifespan. While Piaget focused on cognitive development, Skinner on behaviorism, and Freud on psychosexual development.

Lev Vygotsky, a renowned psychologist, believed that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. His socio-cultural theory emphasizes the importance of learning in a social context, such as through apprenticeships, where one learns from others in society.

Information-processing refers to the mental process of receiving, processing, storing, and retrieving information. Data Mining involves analyzing large datasets to extract patterns or knowledge. Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections. Cognitive Dissonance is the uncomfortable feeling caused by holding two contradictory beliefs simultaneously.

Piaget is known for his work in developmental psychology, particularly cognitive development in children. He emphasized the importance of understanding a child's stage of cognitive development when it comes to education, toy selection, and interactions. Vygotsky, Erikson, and Bronfenbrenner are also important theorists in the field of child development, but they focus on different aspects of development.

Sigmund Freud, known as the father of psychoanalysis, emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and how it influences behavior. His theories revolved around the idea that behavior is driven by inner needs and conflicts that may not always be apparent on the surface.

Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory focuses on the idea that emotional development is a continuous lifelong process influenced by societal factors. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory emphasizes on unconscious motivations, Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory focuses on stages of intellectual growth, and B.F. Skinner's behaviorism theory underscores the role of reinforcement in shaping behavior.

Vygotsky is a renowned psychologist known for his work on cognitive development, emphasizing the importance of social interaction and cultural context in shaping a child's cognitive abilities. Piaget, Bandura, and Skinner are also influential psychologists, but their theories focus on different aspects of development and learning.

Information-Processing involves actively engaging with the material through practice, memory techniques, and concentration to enhance learning. Cognitive Overload refers to the overwhelming of cognitive functions with excessive information. Passive Learning involves receiving information without actively engaging with it. Random Guessing is making choices without any basis or strategy.

Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes the different stages individuals go through as they grow and how these stages impact their way of thinking. Vygotsky focused on social interaction and the role it plays in cognitive development. Erikson discussed psychosocial development and stages of life. Skinner's behaviorism theory focused on external stimuli influencing behavior rather than internal cognitive processes.

Freud is known for his psychoanalytic theory, which emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts and childhood experiences in shaping behavior. In this scenario, disrupting the roommate's carefully organized makeup may have triggered feelings of anxiety or frustration related to past experiences, leading to an overreaction. Skinner, Jung, and Pavlov focus on behaviorism, analytical psychology, and classical conditioning respectively, which are not directly applicable to the situation described.

Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who proposed the Psychosocial Stages of Development, which highlight the importance of resolving conflicts at each stage for healthy psychological development. Trust issues can stem from unresolved conflicts in the early stages of life according to Erikson's theory.

The correct answer is Vygotksy because his social development theory emphasizes the role of social interaction in cognitive development. Piaget, Skinner, and Bandura have theories that focus on different aspects of development not directly related to the social interactions mentioned in the question.

The correct answer is 'Information-Processing' because as we age, our ability to process and store new information may decline, impacting memory retention. This concept is related to changes in attention affecting information processing.

Proteins are macromolecules made up of amino acids and play essential roles in cell structure and function. Carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids are also important biomolecules, but they do not specifically serve as the building blocks of cells and regulators of bodily processes like proteins do.