Advanced Phonetics: Comprehensive Final Exam

An unvoiced bilabial stop consists of the lips being brought together to obstruct the oral cavity. The tongue position can vary depending on context. The vocal folds are abducted (open) and the velopharyngeal port is closed. Air pressure builds up behind the obstruction and is released when the lips part, creating a noise burst.

The described sound is known as a voiced bilabial stop, which is represented phonetically as /b/. The other options do not match all the criteria mentioned in the question.

The correct answer describes the articulation of the voiceless lingua-alveolar stop, /t/, in detail. Option 1 describes the voiceless bilabial plosive, /p/, not the lingua-alveolar stop. Option 2 describes the voiced bilabial nasal, /m/, not the lingua-alveolar stop. Option 3 describes the voiceless dorsal velar plosive, /k/, not the lingua-alveolar stop.

The correct answer describes the articulatory details of a Voiced Lingua-Alveolar Stop, where the front/sides of the tongue make contact with the alveolar ridge, the vocal folds are adducted, and the air pressure is released by lowering the tongue.

The correct answer represents the articulation of a voiceless lingua-velar stop, while the incorrect answers describe different articulations such as dental stop, alveolar stop, and voiced velar stop.

The Voiceless Labiodental Fricative, represented by /f/, is produced by the lower lip contacting the upper teeth with varying tongue positions. It involves the abduction of vocal folds, a closed velopharyngeal port, and air forced through the space between the lip and teeth to create friction. The incorrect answers provided do not match the specific characteristics of the Voiceless Labiodental Fricative.

The Voiceless Lingua-Dental Fricative (/θ/) is characterized by the tongue making contact with the teeth, with the lips varying based on context. It is produced with vocal folds abducted (open) and the velopharyngeal port closed, with air forced through the tongue surface and teeth. Examples of words containing this sound include: thing, toothbrush, width.

The Voiceless Lingua-Alveolar Fricative is pronounced as /s/ with the apex/blade of the tongue contacting the hard palate, creating friction by forcing air through the midline groove with vocal folds abducted (open) and the velopharyngeal port closed. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately describe the pronunciation of the Voiceless Lingua-Alveolar Fricative.

The correct answer describes the specific characteristics of the voiced Lingua-Alveolar Fricative, including tongue placement, vocal fold position, and airflow. The incorrect answers do not match these characteristics.

The Syllable Consonant Mark under 'l' or 'n' indicates that there is no vowel following the consonant, and the consonant is used as a separate syllable. This helps in determining the pronunciation of words in which certain consonants are pronounced separately without a vowel sound in between.

When a tilde (~) is placed above a sound typically a vowel, it indicates that the sound is nasalized, meaning there are lots of nasal resonances. This can occur when there's a problem with the palate or regular connected speech in certain words.

Nasal emission refers to the occurrence of sound coming out through the nose due to issues with velum function. It is often associated with certain consonants and speech patterns.

Denasalization refers to a situation where there is not enough nasal resonants due to blockage in the nasal cavity, leading to restricted airflow. It is often seen in cases such as big tonsils restricting the proper flow of air.

Full Lengthening in connected speech refers to when a sound is only produced once but held longer than normal. This phenomenon helps to maintain the flow and rhythm of speech.

The symbol '.' placed under a sound in phonetics indicates lateralization and affects certain consonants, which results in a lisp sound.

The symbol :  typically represents the voicing of a voiceless sound, as seen in words like 'butter' where the 't' sounds like 'd'.

Glottal stops are speech sounds that are produced by stopping the airflow at the glottis. They are not related to singing warm-ups, punctuation, or dance moves.

Diacritic Markers specifically refer to phonemic variations in speech that are not accounted for by regular phonemic symbols. They are used to accurately describe an individual's pronunciation or speech pattern.

The correct way to distinguish between hyper- and hypo-nasality is by asking the individual to produce nasal sounds. Hyper-nasal sounds will be unaffected, while hypo-nasal sounds will be noticeably different.

Syllables are typically formed by vowels, diphthongs, or a combination of vowel and diphthong with one or more consonants, not solely by consonants, punctuation marks, or silent letters.

Stress in language is a crucial element that affects pronunciation by altering the intensity, duration, and pitch of the stressed syllable, ultimately influencing the meaning of words. It is not limited to monosyllabic words and can result in both higher and lower pitches depending on the context.

The correct answer defines the levels of stress in a word, focusing on prominence of syllables. The incorrect answers provide different interpretations of 'stress' not related to linguistics.

Spondee words are compound words in which both syllables have equal stress, creating a strong and steady rhythm when spoken. This is different from words with alternating stress on syllables, words with only one syllable, and words with more stress on the first syllable.

Intonation specifically deals with pitch variations in speech, influencing the meaning and implications of sentences. It is not related to speech rhythm, volume, or speaking speed.

Connected speech refers to a continuous flow of words and syllables broken into phrases, where units are arranged in breath groups to form a coherent and understandable speech pattern.

Breath groups refer to the pause points in speech that divide an utterance into meaningful sections to ensure the message is conveyed accurately.

The term 'juncture' actually refers to the manner in which words are connected or linked together, with open juncture indicating a pause and close juncture indicating a continuous flow of speech.