Non-neoplastic Diseases Of The Intestines

1. A 4-month-old child presents with failure to thrive associated with persistent foul-smelling stools. A stool sample reveals steatorrhea. A blood test indicates absent LDL cholesterol levels. Her parents are normocholesterolemic. What is the diagnosis?

Abetalipoproteinemia

Pancreatic insufficiency

Short bowel syndrome

Cystic Fibrosis

The correct diagnosis in this case is Abetalipoproteinemia, a rare genetic disorder characterized by the inability to absorb dietary fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins. This results in steatorrhea and low LDL cholesterol levels. Cystic Fibrosis can also present with similar symptoms but does not typically result in absent LDL cholesterol. Pancreatic insufficiency can cause steatorrhea but would not lead to absent LDL cholesterol levels. Short bowel syndrome can present with malabsorption issues but would not cause absent LDL cholesterol levels.

Explanation

The correct diagnosis in this case is Abetalipoproteinemia, a rare genetic disorder characterized by the inability to absorb dietary fats, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins. This results in steatorrhea and low LDL cholesterol levels. Cystic Fibrosis can also present with similar symptoms but does not typically result in absent LDL cholesterol. Pancreatic insufficiency can cause steatorrhea but would not lead to absent LDL cholesterol levels. Short bowel syndrome can present with malabsorption issues but would not cause absent LDL cholesterol levels.

2. Intussusception is most common in ____ Particularly at the ____.

Children
Ileo-cecal valve

Adults, Duodenum

Elderly, Rectum

Teenagers, Sigmoid colon

Intussusception is a medical condition where one part of the intestine folds into the adjacent section. It is most common in children, especially at the ileo-cecal valve. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately depict the demographic and location where intussusception occurs most frequently.

Explanation

Intussusception is a medical condition where one part of the intestine folds into the adjacent section. It is most common in children, especially at the ileo-cecal valve. The incorrect answers provided do not accurately depict the demographic and location where intussusception occurs most frequently.

3. What is the cause of 'dusky' bowel due to interruption of blood supply?

Volvulus causing 'dusky' bowel due to interruption of blood supply

Gastroenteritis

Hernia

Appendicitis

Volvulus is a condition where the bowel twists upon itself, causing obstruction of blood flow which can result in a 'dusky' appearance of the affected bowel. Appendicitis, gastroenteritis, and hernia are conditions that do not typically cause interruption of blood supply leading to a 'dusky' bowel appearance.

Explanation

Volvulus is a condition where the bowel twists upon itself, causing obstruction of blood flow which can result in a 'dusky' appearance of the affected bowel. Appendicitis, gastroenteritis, and hernia are conditions that do not typically cause interruption of blood supply leading to a 'dusky' bowel appearance.

4. What is this finding?

Gastric ulcer

Appendicitis

Celiac disease

Ischemic bowel disease

Ischemic bowel disease refers to inadequate blood flow to the intestines, leading to tissue damage. Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, gastric ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach, and celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten.

Explanation

Ischemic bowel disease refers to inadequate blood flow to the intestines, leading to tissue damage. Appendicitis is inflammation of the appendix, gastric ulcer is a sore in the lining of the stomach, and celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten.

5. What is the causative agent of Typhoid fever? What is the characteristic gross finding?

Staphylococcus aureus

Escherichia coli

Salmonella typhi
Longitudinal ulcerations at the Peyer's patches

Legionella pneumophila

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. A characteristic gross finding associated with typhoid fever is the presence of longitudinal ulcerations at the Peyer's patches in the small intestine.

Explanation

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria. A characteristic gross finding associated with typhoid fever is the presence of longitudinal ulcerations at the Peyer's patches in the small intestine.

6. What is the characteristic finding in the intestinal mucosa in Shigella infections?

Gastric hyperplasia in the stomach

Villous blunting of the small intestine

Hemorrhagic ulceration of the colon

Ischemic colitis in the rectum

Shigella infections typically present with hemorrhagic ulceration of the colon due to the invasive nature of the bacteria.

Explanation

Shigella infections typically present with hemorrhagic ulceration of the colon due to the invasive nature of the bacteria.

7. What is the mechanism behind Pseudomembranous enterocolitis?

Toxin A and B of C. diff cause mucosal damage and cause the release of substance P which elicits fluid secretion and neutrophil infiltration by binding to a G protein coupled receptor

The mechanism involves an allergic reaction to certain foods leading to inflammation in the stomach and intestines.

The condition is a result of genetic mutations that affect the absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract.

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is caused by a bacterial infection that spreads through contaminated water sources.

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is primarily caused by the toxins released by Clostridium difficile bacteria, leading to mucosal damage and other inflammatory responses in the gastrointestinal tract.

Explanation

Pseudomembranous enterocolitis is primarily caused by the toxins released by Clostridium difficile bacteria, leading to mucosal damage and other inflammatory responses in the gastrointestinal tract.