6. Nations And Nationalism - Heywood, 5th Edition

1. What is an ethnic group?

A group of individuals with similar physical characteristics.

A group of people who share a common cultural and historical identity, typically linked to a belief in common descent.

A religious organization with diverse beliefs.

A political party representing a specific region.

An ethnic group is defined by shared cultural and historical identity, not just physical characteristics, political affiliation, or religious beliefs.

Explanation

An ethnic group is defined by shared cultural and historical identity, not just physical characteristics, political affiliation, or religious beliefs.

2. What does the term 'Volksgeist' refer to?

A style of traditional German dance.

A type of sausage in German cuisine.

(German) Literally, the spirit of the people; the organic identity of a people reflected in their culture and, particularly, their language.

A form of ancient German currency.

Volksgeist is a term in German that directly translates to the spirit of the people, representing the cultural identity and language of a specific group or community.

Explanation

Volksgeist is a term in German that directly translates to the spirit of the people, representing the cultural identity and language of a specific group or community.

3. What is culturalism?

The belief that human beings are defined by their intelligence quota, intelligence being the universal basis for personal and social identity.

The belief that human beings are culturally defined creatures, culture being the universal basis for personal and social identity.

The belief that human beings are biologically determined creatures, biology being the basis for personal and social identity.

The belief that human beings are solely defined by their socioeconomic status, wealth being the universal basis for personal and social identity.

Culturalism is the perspective that emphasizes the influence of culture on individuals and society, rather than biology, socioeconomic status, or intelligence.

Explanation

Culturalism is the perspective that emphasizes the influence of culture on individuals and society, rather than biology, socioeconomic status, or intelligence.

4. What is tribalism?

An organization advocating for the rights of indigenous tribes

A type of cultural festival celebrating tribal traditions

A form of governance based on tribal leadership

Group behaviour characterized by insularity and exclusivity, typically fuelled by hostility towards rival groups.

Tribalism refers to group behavior marked by exclusivity and hostility towards rival groups, rather than being solely related to governance, advocacy, or cultural events.

Explanation

Tribalism refers to group behavior marked by exclusivity and hostility towards rival groups, rather than being solely related to governance, advocacy, or cultural events.

5. What is xenophobia?

A fear or hatred of foreigners; pathological ethnocentrism.

A love and appreciation for different cultures.

Fear of the unknown.

Having a diverse group of friends with different backgrounds.

Xenophobia specifically refers to a fear or hatred of foreigners, often stemming from a belief in the superiority of one's own group. It is characterized by a strong aversion towards individuals who are perceived as being 'other' or different.

Explanation

Xenophobia specifically refers to a fear or hatred of foreigners, often stemming from a belief in the superiority of one's own group. It is characterized by a strong aversion towards individuals who are perceived as being 'other' or different.

6. What does the principle of national self-determination entail?

National self-determination refers to the right of a nation to declare war on other nations if necessary for its survival.

National self-determination suggests that a nation should prioritize its own interests over the interests of other nations even if it leads to conflicts or disputes.

National self-determination is a concept that promotes the idea of a nation's right to control its own economic resources without interference from other nations.

The principle that the nation is a sovereign entity; self-determination implies both national independence and democratic rule.

National self-determination is the principle that nations have the right to govern themselves, allowing for independence and democratic governance. It does not imply a right to declare war at will, control economic resources in isolation, or prioritize national interests at the expense of other nations.

Explanation

National self-determination is the principle that nations have the right to govern themselves, allowing for independence and democratic governance. It does not imply a right to declare war at will, control economic resources in isolation, or prioritize national interests at the expense of other nations.

7. What does Universalism refer to?

The belief that only one religion or ideology is valid for all individuals.

The theory that there is a common core to human identity shared by people everywhere.

The concept of diverse cultural practices around the world.

The idea that every individual has unique characteristics that set them apart from others.

Universalism refers to the idea that there is a foundational aspect of human identity that is shared by all individuals regardless of cultural or societal differences. It emphasizes commonality rather than uniqueness.

Explanation

Universalism refers to the idea that there is a foundational aspect of human identity that is shared by all individuals regardless of cultural or societal differences. It emphasizes commonality rather than uniqueness.

8. What are human rights?

Rights that can only be earned through hard work and dedication.

Rights that are specific to a particular culture or country.

Rights to which people are entitled by virtue of being human; universal and fundamental rights.

The rights that only celebrities are entitled to have.

Human rights are rights that every individual is entitled to simply by being human, regardless of their background, status, or beliefs. These rights are considered universal and fundamental, applying to all human beings across the globe.

Explanation

Human rights are rights that every individual is entitled to simply by being human, regardless of their background, status, or beliefs. These rights are considered universal and fundamental, applying to all human beings across the globe.

9. What does Euroscepticism refer to?

Support for further European integration and joining the EU.

Complete withdrawal from the EU with no opposition to European integration.

Indifference towards European integration and the EU's existence.

Opposition to further European integration, usually not extending to the drive to withdraw from the EU (anti-Europeanism).

Euroscepticism refers to the opposition to further European integration, without necessarily advocating for complete withdrawal from the EU. It is different from anti-Europeanism, which seeks to completely distance from European institutions.

Explanation

Euroscepticism refers to the opposition to further European integration, without necessarily advocating for complete withdrawal from the EU. It is different from anti-Europeanism, which seeks to completely distance from European institutions.

10. What is jingoism?

The practice of utilizing humor to make people laugh.

A mood of public enthusiasm and celebration provoked by military expansion or imperial conquest.

An ancient martial art technique used for self-defense.

A type of traditional dance originating from a specific country.

Jingoism refers to an extreme patriotism that often involves aggressive foreign policy. It is a term that typically carries a negative connotation as it often involves an irrational belief in the superiority of one's own country.

Explanation

Jingoism refers to an extreme patriotism that often involves aggressive foreign policy. It is a term that typically carries a negative connotation as it often involves an irrational belief in the superiority of one's own country.