Digestive System Anatomy: C

1. What is the primary function of the liver in the human body?

D. Its main function involves the production of red blood cells.

Is a gland and plays a major role in metabolism with numerous functions in the human body, including regulation of glycogen storage, decomposition of RBC, plasma protein synthesis, hormone production, and detoxification.

B. Its primary role is to regulate body temperature.

C. The liver functions as the main organ for hearing.

A. It is mainly responsible for lung function.

The liver is a vital organ in the human body responsible for various metabolic processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and overall health.

Explanation

The liver is a vital organ in the human body responsible for various metabolic processes crucial for maintaining homeostasis and overall health.

2. What is the function of the falciform ligament?

Aids in breathing by separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Anchors the small intestine to the back wall of the abdominal cavity.

Connects the kidney to the bladder for urine filtration.

Is visible on the front of the liver, divides the liver into a left and a much larger right lobe.

The falciform ligament is a structure visible on the front of the liver that helps divide the liver into two lobes, the left and a much larger right lobe.

Explanation

The falciform ligament is a structure visible on the front of the liver that helps divide the liver into two lobes, the left and a much larger right lobe.

3. Left Lobe (of the liver)

Is smaller and more flattened than the right. It is situated in the epigastric and and left hypochondriac regions. Its upper surface is slightly convex and is molded on to the diaphragm.

Is the same size and shape as the right lobe. It is located in the lower back region. Its upper surface is deeply grooved.

Is larger and more round than the right. It is situated in the lower abdominal region. Its upper surface is concave and smooth.

Is completely separated from the right lobe. It is found in the pelvic cavity. Its upper surface is irregular and jagged.

The left lobe of the liver is smaller and more flattened than the right lobe. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions, with a slightly convex upper surface molded on to the diaphragm.

Explanation

The left lobe of the liver is smaller and more flattened than the right lobe. It is situated in the epigastric and left hypochondriac regions, with a slightly convex upper surface molded on to the diaphragm.

4. Which lobe of the liver is larger?

Quadrate lobe of the liver.

Caudate lobe of the liver.

Is larger than the left lobe of liver. The right lobe liver has four sections. Anterior and posterior right lobe by the right hepatic vein. It is also divided into the upper right lobe and lower right lobe by the portal vein.

Left lobe of the liver.

The right lobe of the liver is larger than the left lobe. It is divided into four sections - anterior and posterior right lobe by the right hepatic vein, and upper right lobe and lower right lobe by the portal vein.

Explanation

The right lobe of the liver is larger than the left lobe. It is divided into four sections - anterior and posterior right lobe by the right hepatic vein, and upper right lobe and lower right lobe by the portal vein.

5. What is Ligamentum Venosum?

Is a fibrous remnant which travels superiorly from porta hepatis to the liver and then reaches the inferior vena cava. It is often obliterated in adults.

A ligament that connects the kidneys to the bladder.

A muscle that connects the stomach and the pancreas.

A vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Ligamentum Venosum is a fibrous band that is an embryological remnant in the liver and not associated with the other organ connections mentioned in the incorrect answers.

Explanation

Ligamentum Venosum is a fibrous band that is an embryological remnant in the liver and not associated with the other organ connections mentioned in the incorrect answers.

6. What is the function of Ductus Venosus?

In fetus it serves to travel blood from the umbilical vein to inferior vena cava (thus bypassing the liver).

It transports oxygen from the lungs to the body.

It helps regulate blood sugar levels in the body.

Its main role is to pump blood to the brain and organs.

Ductus Venosus is a critical blood vessel in fetal circulation that allows blood to bypass the liver and travel directly from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.

Explanation

Ductus Venosus is a critical blood vessel in fetal circulation that allows blood to bypass the liver and travel directly from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava.

7. What does the Greek prefix 'hepto' refer to?

Stomach

Brain

A Greek prefix meaning "liver".

Heart

The correct answer is 'liver' as the Greek prefix 'hepto' specifically relates to the liver in medical terminology.

Explanation

The correct answer is 'liver' as the Greek prefix 'hepto' specifically relates to the liver in medical terminology.

8. What is Heptorenal Syndrome (HRS)?

Is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure.

A type of skin disorder caused by excessive exposure to sunlight

A bacterial infection in the gastrointestinal tract

A condition affecting the heart and lungs

Heptorenal Syndrome (HRS) is a serious condition that specifically affects kidney function in patients with liver issues such as cirrhosis or liver failure.

Explanation

Heptorenal Syndrome (HRS) is a serious condition that specifically affects kidney function in patients with liver issues such as cirrhosis or liver failure.

9. What is Liver Dialysis?

C. A diagnostic test to evaluate liver function.

A. A surgical procedure to remove a portion of the liver.

Is a detoxification treatment for liver failure and has shown promise for patients with hepatorenal syndrome. It is similar to hemodialysis and based on the same principles.

B. A type of medication to treat liver infections.

Liver Dialysis is a specific treatment method for liver failure, not a surgical procedure, medication, or diagnostic test.

Explanation

Liver Dialysis is a specific treatment method for liver failure, not a surgical procedure, medication, or diagnostic test.

10. What is the Round Ligament?

A ligament located in the shoulder joint that helps with arm movements.

A ligament found in the knee joint that provides stability and support.

(ligamentum teres hepatis) is a degenerative string of tissue that exists in the free edge of the falciform ligament of the liver.

A ligament that surrounds the brain and spinal cord for protection.

The Round Ligament, also known as ligamentum teres hepatis, is specifically related to the liver's falciform ligament and does not have connections to other parts of the body, such as the knee, brain, or shoulder.

Explanation

The Round Ligament, also known as ligamentum teres hepatis, is specifically related to the liver's falciform ligament and does not have connections to other parts of the body, such as the knee, brain, or shoulder.

11. What is Cantlie's Line?

A type of suture used in surgical procedures.

Is a vertical plane that divides the liver into left and right lobes creating the principal plane used for hepatectomy.

A term used to describe a type of liver inflammation.

An instrument used to measure blood pressure.

Cantlie's Line is a crucial anatomical reference point used in liver surgeries to ensure precise division of the liver into functional segments to facilitate hepatectomy.

Explanation

Cantlie's Line is a crucial anatomical reference point used in liver surgeries to ensure precise division of the liver into functional segments to facilitate hepatectomy.

12. What is the Capsule of Glisson?

The name of a surgical procedure to remove liver tumors.

A protective covering for the gallbladder.

Is a capsule of the liver. A layer of connective tissue surrounding the liver and ensheathing the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts within the liver.

A type of medication used for liver diseases.

The Capsule of Glisson refers to a layer of connective tissue surrounding the liver and ensheathing the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts within the liver. It is not a type of medication, a protective covering for the gallbladder, or a surgical procedure to remove liver tumors.

Explanation

The Capsule of Glisson refers to a layer of connective tissue surrounding the liver and ensheathing the hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile ducts within the liver. It is not a type of medication, a protective covering for the gallbladder, or a surgical procedure to remove liver tumors.

13. What are Hepatic Lobules?

A small division of the liver defined at the histological scale. It should not be confused with the anatomical lobes, or any functional lobe classification systems.

Large portions of the liver responsible for different functions.

Structural components of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

Specialized cells found in the pancreas responsible for secreting digestive enzymes.

Hepatic lobules are distinct structures within the liver and have a specific histological definition separate from anatomical lobes or functional classifications. They play a crucial role in liver function.

Explanation

Hepatic lobules are distinct structures within the liver and have a specific histological definition separate from anatomical lobes or functional classifications. They play a crucial role in liver function.

14. What is the function of the Hepatic Artery?

It is a nerve that connects the brain to vital organs.

It is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands.

It is a type of muscle found in the digestive system.

Is a short blood vessel that supplies oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum and pancreas.

The Hepatic Artery is a crucial blood vessel responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to specific organs in the body, helping them function properly.

Explanation

The Hepatic Artery is a crucial blood vessel responsible for supplying oxygenated blood to specific organs in the body, helping them function properly.

15. What is the main function of hepatocytes?

Hepatocytes are cells in the pancreas that secrete insulin.

Hepatocytes are cells in the brain responsible for neurotransmitter production.

Is a cell of the main parenchymal tissue of the liver. Hepatocytes make up 70-85% of the liver's mass. These cells are involved in: Protein synthesis.

Hepatocytes are cells found in the lungs responsible for oxygen exchange.

Hepatocytes are liver cells responsible for various functions including protein synthesis, not related to oxygen exchange, insulin secretion, or neurotransmitter production.

Explanation

Hepatocytes are liver cells responsible for various functions including protein synthesis, not related to oxygen exchange, insulin secretion, or neurotransmitter production.

16. What is the function of the Hepatic Portal Vein?

It regulates blood flow to the kidneys and bladder.

It carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the liver.

It connects the stomach and intestines to the spleen for nutrient absorption.

The liver processes these nutrients; it also filters toxins that may have been ingested with the food. 75% of total liver blood flow is through the portal vein. The blood leaves the liver to the heart in the hepatic veins.

The Hepatic Portal Vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver for processing and detoxification. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's metabolic functions.

Explanation

The Hepatic Portal Vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the stomach and intestines to the liver for processing and detoxification. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the body's metabolic functions.

17. What is the function of the Common Hepatic Duct?

It assists in absorbing nutrients from the small intestine.

It is responsible for producing insulin in the liver.

Drains bile from the right functional lobe of the liver) and the left hepatic duct (which drains bile from the left functional lobe of the liver).

It transports oxygen to the liver cells.

The Common Hepatic Duct is specifically responsible for draining bile from the right and left lobes of the liver to aid in digestion.

Explanation

The Common Hepatic Duct is specifically responsible for draining bile from the right and left lobes of the liver to aid in digestion.

18. What are Kupffer Cells?

Are specialized macrophages located in the liver, lining the walls of the sinusoids that form part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. They are involved in the breakdown of red blood cells.

White blood cells found in the bone marrow responsible for producing antibodies.

Cells in the lungs responsible for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

Cells in the kidneys responsible for filtering waste and excess substances from the blood.

Kupffer Cells are specialized cells found in the liver that play a crucial role in immune responses by removing old or damaged red blood cells.

Explanation

Kupffer Cells are specialized cells found in the liver that play a crucial role in immune responses by removing old or damaged red blood cells.

19. What is a liver sinusoid?

A type of connective tissue that provides structural support to the liver cells.

A type of infectious disease commonly found in the liver affecting its functions.

A type of muscle found in the liver responsible for contraction and relaxation.

Is a type of sinusoidal blood vessel (with fenestrated, discontinuous endothelium) that serves as a location for mixing of the oxygen-rich blood from the hepatic artery and the nutrient-rich blood from the portal vein.

The correct answer describes the structure and function of a liver sinusoid, which is a specialized blood vessel in the liver.

Explanation

The correct answer describes the structure and function of a liver sinusoid, which is a specialized blood vessel in the liver.

20. What are Bile Canaliculi?

A type of muscle found in the gastrointestinal tract.

Small sacs that store bile in the gallbladder.

Enzymes that break down carbohydrates in the small intestine.

Is a thin tube that collects bile secreted by hepatocytes. The bile canaliculi merge and form bile ductules, which eventually become common hepatic duct.

Bile canaliculi are small tubes that collect bile from liver cells, not muscles, sacs, or enzymes.

Explanation

Bile canaliculi are small tubes that collect bile from liver cells, not muscles, sacs, or enzymes.

21. What are Bile Ductules?

Are the nerves that connect the liver to the brain to regulate bile production.

Are the blood vessels that carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the liver.

Are the excretory ducts of the liver that connect the interlobular ductules to the right (or left) hepatic duct.

Are the small sacs in the liver where bile is stored before being released into the small intestine.

Bile Ductules are small ducts that carry bile from the interlobular ductules to the right (or left) hepatic duct, not vessels, sacs, or nerves.

Explanation

Bile Ductules are small ducts that carry bile from the interlobular ductules to the right (or left) hepatic duct, not vessels, sacs, or nerves.

22. What is the location of the Right Colic Flexure?

Is the sharp bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon. The hepatic flexure lies in the right upper quadrant of the human abdomen. It receives blood supply from the superior mesenteric artery.

It is a term used to describe a part of the respiratory system.

It is the connection between the small intestine and the large intestine.

It is located between the stomach and the small intestine.

The Right Colic Flexure, also known as the hepatic flexure, is the sharp bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon. It is important in the anatomy of the human abdomen as it marks the transition between these two segments of the large intestine.

Explanation

The Right Colic Flexure, also known as the hepatic flexure, is the sharp bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon. It is important in the anatomy of the human abdomen as it marks the transition between these two segments of the large intestine.

23. What is the Left Colic Flexure?

A part of the small intestine responsible for nutrient absorption.

An area within the lungs that allows for gas exchange.

Is the sharp bend between the transverse colon and the descending colon. This flexure is a watershed region as it receives dual blood supply from the terminal branches of the superior mesenteric artery and the inferior mesenteric artery.

A part of the stomach where food is stored and partially digested.

The Left Colic Flexure is a distinct anatomical feature in the large intestine, not related to nutrient absorption in the small intestine, food storage and digestion in the stomach, or gas exchange in the lungs.

Explanation

The Left Colic Flexure is a distinct anatomical feature in the large intestine, not related to nutrient absorption in the small intestine, food storage and digestion in the stomach, or gas exchange in the lungs.

24. What structure forms the Colic Impression?

Is formed by the peritoneum.

Is formed by the ileocecal junction.

Is formed by the splenic flexure.

Is formed by the hepatic flexure. (see image for colic flexures).

The Colic Impression is formed by the hepatic flexure, which is the curve in the colon located near the liver.

Explanation

The Colic Impression is formed by the hepatic flexure, which is the curve in the colon located near the liver.

25. What is bile?

A type of hormone produced by the pancreas.

A bitter fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. Bile is discharged into the small intestine when needed to aid in the digestion of fats.

An enzyme secreted by the stomach to break down proteins.

A type of mucus that lines the small intestine.

Bile is not a hormone, enzyme, or mucus. It is a bitter fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder to aid in the digestion of fats.

Explanation

Bile is not a hormone, enzyme, or mucus. It is a bitter fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder to aid in the digestion of fats.

26. Where is the gallbladder located and what is its function?

Is a pear-shaped organ located below the liver that stores the bile secreted by the liver. During and after a fatty meal, the gallbladder contracts, delivering bile through the bile ducts into the intestines to help with digestion.

The gallbladder is a lung-shaped organ located above the stomach for storing excess air.

The gallbladder is a triangular organ located in the leg for regulating blood flow.

The gallbladder is a round organ located in the brain responsible for memory storage.

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ located below the liver that stores the bile secreted by the liver. During and after a fatty meal, the gallbladder contracts, delivering bile through the bile ducts into the intestines to help with digestion.

Explanation

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ located below the liver that stores the bile secreted by the liver. During and after a fatty meal, the gallbladder contracts, delivering bile through the bile ducts into the intestines to help with digestion.