Chemistry Final- Semester 1 (part 1)

Elements and compounds are the only pure substances with distinct chemical compositions, while mixtures consist of two or more substances physically combined, isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element, and radioactive materials emit radiation.

Homogenous refers to a substance or mixture that has a consistent composition or structure throughout.

Homogenous substances refer to substances that have uniform composition and properties throughout. It includes elements like iron, bromine, gold, carbon, and compounds like salt and sugar. Wood, air, and glass are not homogenous substances as they are composed of different components. Oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen are elements but not examples of homogenous substances. Plastic, paper, and rubber are also not homogenous substances due to their varying composition.

Compounds are most commonly obtained through chemical reactions where two or more elements combine to form a compound with different properties than the individual elements. Photosynthesis, mechanical force, and gravitational pull do not typically result in the formation of compounds.

A homogeneous solution is one where the components are uniformly distributed and indistinguishable from one another, like in soda, juice, tea, liquid Kool-Aid, and salt water.

In a solution, the solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. The solute is the substance that is dissolved in the solvent. Therefore, the correct answer is solvent and solute.

A solute is the substance that is dissolved in a solution, not the substance that does not dissolve, the liquid part, or the container.

A solvent is a substance that has the ability to dissolve other substances to form a solution. It is typically a liquid, but can also be a solid or a gas.

A solution is a type of mixture where all components are evenly distributed and the same throughout, making it a homogeneous mixture. In contrast, heterogeneous mixtures have visible differences between components, colloidal mixtures have medium-sized particles that do not settle, and suspensions have large particles that will eventually settle.

A hypothesis is an educated guess or trial answer based on previous research, it does not have to be correct. It serves as a starting point for further investigation and testing.

A theory is different from a fact as it is not proven but has supporting evidence. It is also not merely an assumption or a guess without any testing or evidence.

Laws are rules that are set and cannot be changed or altered based on personal preferences or circumstances.

Matter is defined as anything that occupies space and has mass, distinguishing it from energy, invisible particles, and conceptual ideas.

The states of matter are solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Matter can exist in these four states depending on its temperature and pressure.

Solids are characterized by having a definite volume, meaning they have a specific amount of space they occupy, and a definite shape, meaning they maintain a fixed shape under normal conditions.

A liquid is characterized by having a definite volume but taking the shape of its container, hence having an indefinite shape.

A crystalline substance has a highly ordered, repeating arrangement of atoms or molecules, giving it a distinct geometric structure.

Amorphous refers to a solid material with a disordered atomic structure, unlike a crystal structure which has a repeating pattern.

Energy is the capacity of a physical system to perform work. It can exist in different forms such as kinetic, potential, thermal, chemical, nuclear, etc. The correct definition provided highlights the fundamental concept that energy is related to the ability of an object to do work.

The correct answer includes various types of energy sources, such as kinetic, potential, chemical, solar, and others. The incorrect answers provided do not encompass the diverse categories of energy mentioned in the correct answer.

The correct answer relates to the principles of thermodynamics where changing the energy of a system can lead to transitioning between different states.

Sublimation is the process where matter transitions directly between the solid and gas states without passing through the liquid state.

Elements and Compounds are considered the only true substances because they are pure chemical substances with specific chemical structures. Mixtures involve the combination of two or more substances without any fixed composition, while Solutions are homogeneous mixtures that consist of solutes dissolved in solvents. Acids and Bases are classifications of substances based on their chemical properties. Gases and Liquids are states of matter and do not describe the true nature of substances.

Nonmetals typically have characteristics opposite to metals. They are generally not malleable, ductile, lustrous, good conductors of heat or electricity, and have low densities and melting points. Additionally, they tend to form anions and can bond with a variety of elements.

Elements are fundamental substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.

Atoms are the basic building blocks of matter, consisting of subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and electrons. Molecules are formed when atoms chemically bond, elements are substances made up of the same type of atom, and compounds are substances made up of different types of atoms chemically bonded together.