Chapter 16 The Federal Court

The correct answer is that the U.S. is divided into 12 judicial circuits, not 7, 15, or 20. Each circuit serves at least 2 states and has a varying number of permanent circuit judgeships depending on workload.

The U.S. Court of Appeal for the Federal Circuit was specifically established to handle appeals in specialized cases such as patents, claims against the U.S., and national trade.

The correct answer explains that courts of appeal do not hold trials or hear testimony, but rather focus on correcting errors in legal cases and setting precedent.

The correct answer defines the Supreme Court as the highest judicial body in the United States responsible for interpreting national laws, resolving conflicts among states, and maintaining national law supremacy. It has specific jurisdictional powers and controls its own agenda, distinct from legislative or law enforcement functions mentioned in the incorrect answers.

Justices obtain their positions through nomination by the President and confirmation by the Senate. This process ensures that Justices are chosen through a checks and balances system between the executive and legislative branches of government.

Senatorial courtesy is an unwritten tradition and not a law. It involves senators influencing nominations but does not give them final say. It does not solely focus on party affiliation but factors in opposition as well.

The correct answer outlines a detailed process involving screening, recommendations, evaluations, and the influence of the Dept. of Justice, FBI, and sitting judges. The incorrect answers misrepresent the complexity and thoroughness of the selection process.

The correct answer outlines the typical backgrounds of Supreme Court Justices, which include mostly white males with legal experience, typically around their fifties or sixties, from middle or upper-class backgrounds. Therefore, options suggesting females from diverse backgrounds, individuals without education, and young individuals in non-legal professions are incorrect.

The correct answer provides a clear distinction between criminal law and civil law cases, while the incorrect answers introduce other types of cases that do not fall within the two basic kinds outlined in the correct answer.

Litigants are the individuals involved in a legal case, typically the plaintiff (accuser) and the defendant (accused), who are engaged in a dispute that is to be resolved through the legal system. They may have different motivations for being in court, but they are central to the case proceedings.

Standing to sue refers to the requirement that plaintiffs must have a stake in the outcome of a case. It is not about physically standing up in court or waiting in line, and it is not the same as hiring a lawyer to represent someone in a lawsuit.

Class action suits allow for multiple individuals with similar claims to consolidate their cases into one single lawsuit, providing efficiency and potentially stronger legal representation. The Supreme Court's rulings over the years have shaped the landscape of class action suits, making them more challenging to pursue.

Justiciable disputes are those that can be resolved through legal means based on applicable laws, rather than alternative methods like mediation or involving criminal offenses.

Interest groups play a significant role in court cases by strategically choosing cases that align with their goals and can influence policy outcomes through litigation.

Amicus curiae briefs are legal documents submitted by a 'friend of the court' to provide additional insight and perspective not presented by the formal parties involved in the case. They are designed to assist the court in making a more informed decision.

Attorneys play a crucial role in cases by translating policies into legal language and enforcing or challenging them. The other incorrect answers provided do not directly address the specific role of attorneys in cases.

The correct answer highlights the dual nature of the federal court system established by the Constitution, as it provides for both a Supreme Court and allows Congress to establish lower federal courts. The incorrect answers propose alternative structures that are not in line with the actual division of powers as outlined in the Constitution.

Legislative courts serve specialized purposes and may have fixed terms of office. They do not have the power of judicial review like constitutional courts.

Original jurisdiction refers to the authority of a court to hear a case for the first time, as opposed to appellate jurisdiction which deals with reviewing decisions of lower courts. It is important to understand the distinction between original and appellate jurisdiction in the legal system.

Courts with appellate jurisdiction do not review the factual record, only the legal issues involved, and their primary function is to hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts.

District courts are specifically federal courts of original jurisdiction within the United States, responsible for holding trials and impaneling juries within their defined territories. They are not local, state-level, or international courts as mentioned in the incorrect answers.

District courts primarily handle federal cases and do not have jurisdiction over cases involving state laws or minor offenses.

Diversity of citizenship cases refer to civil suits between citizens of different states or involving foreign nationals, where the amount in question exceeds $75,000. These cases are crucial to prevent bias in state courts and require judges to apply the appropriate state laws.

District judges are assisted by a team of professionals with specific roles and responsibilities to ensure the smooth functioning of the judicial process.

The U.S. attorneys are not elected by the public, have appointments at the discretion of the president, and handle federal law cases. They also do not have lifetime appointments as they serve at the president's discretion.