Mastering Basic Mathematical and Graphical Analysis Techniques Quiz

1) What is the definition of residual in a regression analysis?

The average of the response variable in the data set.

The slope of the regression line.

The correlation coefficient between two variables in the data set.

The difference between an observed value of the response variable and the value predicted by the regression line.

In regression analysis, residuals are the differences between observed values and predicted values. The residual represents the error in the prediction made by the regression line.

Explanation

In regression analysis, residuals are the differences between observed values and predicted values. The residual represents the error in the prediction made by the regression line.

2) What is a scatterplot?

A line graph used to display trends over time.

A type of pie chart used to show categorical data.

The most effective way to display a relation between 2 quantitative variables

A bar graph showing the frequency distribution of a single categorical variable.

A scatterplot is specifically designed to show the relationship between two quantitative variables through the placement of individual data points on the graph.

Explanation

A scatterplot is specifically designed to show the relationship between two quantitative variables through the placement of individual data points on the graph.

3) What is the difference between positive and negative association?

A positive association has a correlation above 0, while a negative association has a correlation below 0.

A positive association has a correlation below 0, while a negative association has a correlation above 0.

A positive association has a correlation above 0, while a negative association has no correlation.

A positive association has no correlation, while a negative association has a correlation below 0.

When looking at correlations between variables, a positive association indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase. Conversely, a negative association means that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease. The correlation value reflects the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables.

Explanation

When looking at correlations between variables, a positive association indicates that as one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase. Conversely, a negative association means that as one variable increases, the other variable tends to decrease. The correlation value reflects the strength and direction of the relationship between the variables.

4) What is the least squares regression line for y on x?

A line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the horizontal distances of points from the line.

A line that passes through the origin and touches each point on the scatter plot.

A line that only considers the extremes of the data set for prediction purposes.

The least squares regression line is the line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of points from the line, giving the most accurate prediction model for y based on x values. It is not necessarily required to pass through the origin, consider only horizontal distances, or focus solely on extreme data points.

Explanation

The least squares regression line is the line that minimizes the sum of the squares of the vertical distances of points from the line, giving the most accurate prediction model for y based on x values. It is not necessarily required to pass through the origin, consider only horizontal distances, or focus solely on extreme data points.

5) What are the four categories used to describe the overall pattern of bivariate data?

Form: trends, outliers, variance, means

Direction: left, right, up, down

Categories: A, B, C, D

The correct categories to describe the overall pattern of bivariate data are Form, Direction, Strength, and Influential Points. These categories help in analyzing the relationship between two variables and identifying any patterns or outliers in the data.

Explanation

The correct categories to describe the overall pattern of bivariate data are Form, Direction, Strength, and Influential Points. These categories help in analyzing the relationship between two variables and identifying any patterns or outliers in the data.

6) What is the coefficient of determination?

Intercept Term

Standard Error

Correlation Coefficient

The coefficient of determination, denoted as r2, represents the variation in y that's explained by the Least Squares Regression Line (LSRL) of y on x. It indicates the percentage of variation in the response variable that can be explained by the explanatory variable.

Explanation

The coefficient of determination, denoted as r2, represents the variation in y that's explained by the Least Squares Regression Line (LSRL) of y on x. It indicates the percentage of variation in the response variable that can be explained by the explanatory variable.

7) What is the relationship between a response variable and an explanatory variable in a study?

Response variable: control variable; Explanatory variable: experimental variable.

Response variable: qualitative variable; Explanatory variable: quantitative variable.

Response variable: independent variable; Explanatory variable: dependent variable.

Response variable: measures an outcome of a study; dependent variableExplanatory variable: attempts to explain the observed outcomes; independent variable

In a study, the response variable is the outcome being measured, also known as the dependent variable. The explanatory variable is used to explain or predict the observed outcomes, and it is also referred to as the independent variable.

Explanation

In a study, the response variable is the outcome being measured, also known as the dependent variable. The explanatory variable is used to explain or predict the observed outcomes, and it is also referred to as the independent variable.

8) What is bivariate data?

Data that shows the relationship between three variables.

A set of univariate data that only involves one variable.

Data collected from a single source or survey.

Bivariate data refers to data that shows the relationship between two variables, typically depicted in a scatterplot of regression residuals against the explanatory variable to assess the fit of a regression line.

Explanation

Bivariate data refers to data that shows the relationship between two variables, typically depicted in a scatterplot of regression residuals against the explanatory variable to assess the fit of a regression line.

9) What is a residual plot?

A plot illustrating the distribution of residuals in a dataset.

A graph showing the residuals of a regression model sorted in descending order.

A visual representation of the predictor variable against the response variable in a regression analysis.

A residual plot is a scatterplot that shows the relationship between the residuals (the difference between the observed and predicted values) and the explanatory variable in a regression model. It helps in evaluating the adequacy of the model fit by examining patterns or trends in the residuals. Additionally, the sum or the mean of the residuals in a residual plot should always equal zero if the model is correctly specified.

Explanation

A residual plot is a scatterplot that shows the relationship between the residuals (the difference between the observed and predicted values) and the explanatory variable in a regression model. It helps in evaluating the adequacy of the model fit by examining patterns or trends in the residuals. Additionally, the sum or the mean of the residuals in a residual plot should always equal zero if the model is correctly specified.

10) What is an influential point in regression analysis?

A point that has no impact on the regression analysis.

A point that is located on the y-axis and influences the slope of the regression line.

An extreme point on the x-axis direction that influences the regression line.

A point that is close to the regression line but has little effect on the overall outcome.

Influential points are data points that have a significant impact on the regression analysis. They can greatly influence the slope, intercept, or overall shape of the regression line.

Explanation

Influential points are data points that have a significant impact on the regression analysis. They can greatly influence the slope, intercept, or overall shape of the regression line.