Exploring the Cytoskeleton: Structure, Functions, and Cellular Components Quiz

Microtubules are involved in various cellular functions, including forming the spindle apparatus during cell division, providing a mechanism for changing cellular shape, and forming structural components of organelles. However, microtubules do not provide structural support within axons, which is primarily carried out by microfilaments.

Pancreatic cells that manufacture digestive enzymes contain rough endoplasmic reticulum, which is responsible for the synthesis of proteins and sorting of proteins destined for the cell membrane or for export to other parts of the body.

The plasmalemma, also known as the cell membrane, serves the general functions of physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, and sensitivity, along with providing structural support. Therefore, the correct answer is all of the above.

Focal adhesions are the correct answer because they are specifically responsible for connecting intracellular microfilaments to protein fibers of the basal lamina. Macula adherens, CAMs, and zonula adherens are forms of intercellular attachments with different functions and structures compared to focal adhesions.

Cytosol primarily contains water with varying solutes, not relatively large quantities of carbohydrates and small reserves of amino acids and lipids.

Nexuses, gap junctions, and tight junctions are not specifically found in epithelial tissue that is subjected to a significant amount of abrasion and shearing forces. Hemidesmosomes are specialized junctions that provide strong adhesion between epithelial cells and the basement membrane, helping to withstand mechanical stress.

Active transport is the process in which carrier molecules transport materials against a concentration gradient, requiring energy. Osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and diffusion all involve the movement of materials down a concentration gradient without the use of energy.

Nonmembranous organelles include ribosomes and centrioles, as they do not have a membrane surrounding them.

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles that are responsible for breaking down fatty acids and other organic compounds, as well as detoxifying harmful substances. While lysosomes are involved in cellular waste management, smooth ER is involved in lipid synthesis, and centrosomes play a role in cell division.

Peripheral proteins are attached to either the inner or the outer membrane surface, while integral proteins span the membrane and transmembrane proteins pass through it. Option A and C are incorrect as integral proteins are not attached to the membrane surface.

Morphology specifically refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific features. Surface anatomy focuses on the study of external features and their relation to deeper structures, making it the most relevant term among the options provided.

The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system, is responsible for internal transport in the body. It includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood.

The transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions, while the other options do not specifically divide the body in this manner.

The abdominopelvic cavity consists of the abdominal cavity (A), the pelvic cavity (B), and the peritoneal cavity (C), while the mediastinum, thoracic cavity, and pleural cavity are not part of the abdominopelvic cavity.

The pharynx is a common pathway for both air from the respiratory tract and food from the digestive tract. It plays a crucial role in the swallowing process.

Embryologists primarily study the growth and development of embryos and fetuses, focusing on developmental anatomy.

The endocrine system is responsible for secreting hormones that control various bodily functions, including erythrocyte production, blood pressure regulation, lymphocyte maturation, and calcium level regulation. While the lymphoid system, nervous system, and cardiovascular system play essential roles in the body, they do not primarily perform the functions described in the question.

In anatomical terms, distal refers to a position farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body compared to another body part. In this case, the sura (calf) is distal to the patella (kneecap), as it is located farther away from the body's core.

The correct answer is the lowest spinal vertebra because the abdominal cavity extends from the inferior diaphragmatic surface to the lowest spinal vertebra, which aligns with the anterior and superior margins of the pelvic girdle.

The pancreas is responsible for secreting digestive enzymes and contains endocrine cells, making it the correct answer. The liver produces bile, the gallbladder stores bile, and the salivary glands secrete saliva, but they do not secrete digestive enzymes or contain endocrine cells as the pancreas does.

Epithelial tissue is mainly involved in providing sensation, controlling permeability, and offering physical protection, but establishing a structural framework for the body is not one of its functions.

Smooth muscle cells have the ability to divide and regenerate after an injury due to their plasticity and ability to proliferate. In contrast, cardiac and skeletal muscle cells have limited regenerative capacity, and striated involuntary muscle is not a distinct muscle type.

Simple squamous epithelium is the most delicate type of epithelium due to its single layer of thin, flat cells that allow for rapid diffusion and filtration across membranes.

Neural tissue is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses as it consists of neurons that transmit signals throughout the body. Epithelial tissue provides a protective covering and lining of internal organs, connective tissue supports and protects other tissues, and muscular tissue is responsible for movement and support.

Cartilage has limited repair capability, interstitial and appositional growth, and high oxygen demands. Therefore, options A, B, and C are correct characteristics of cartilage, making option C and D the correct answer.

Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune system, including antibody production. They increase in number during infections and tissue damage.

Stratified columnar epithelium is relatively rare and can be found along portions of the pharynx, urethra, and anus, providing protection in these areas.

Collagen fibers are long, straight, and unbranched, making them the most common and strongest fibers in connective tissue proper. Aponeuroses, elastic fibers, and tendons are not the predominant fibers known for these characteristics.

Reticular tissue is the correct answer as it forms the supportive framework (stroma) for these organs due to its mesh-like structure composed of reticular fibers. Dense regular connective tissue, adipose tissue, and areolar tissue do not serve this specific function in the mentioned organs.

Epithelial tissue is known for having tightly packed cells with little to no intercellular space between them, forming continuous sheets that line surfaces and cavities within the body.