Addictions!

Withdrawal symptoms refer to the specific reactions that occur when someone stops using a drug after becoming physically dependent on it. These symptoms can include physical and mental effects as the body adjusts to the absence of the drug.

Tolerance is a phenomenon where the body adapts to the effects of a substance over time, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.

Cross tolerance refers to the phenomenon where tolerance to one psychoactive substance can result in reduced effects or tolerance to another substance with similar pharmacological properties.

The reticular activating system (RAS) is a part of the central nervous system (CNS) that plays a crucial role in regulating a person's state of arousal and consciousness. It is not responsible for controlling heart rate, regulating body temperature, or managing motor functions.

The limbic system is primarily involved in processing emotions and behaviors related to survival and is not responsible for digestion, metabolism, body temperature regulation, or motor control.

The basal ganglia is a part of the central nervous system responsible for controlling voluntary motor movements and facilitating the execution of automatic movements such as walking, talking, and other fine motor skills. It does not play a role in controlling emotions, regulating vital functions like breathing and heart rate, or involved in synthesizing hormones and chemicals.

The cerebral cortex is actually a part of the brain responsible for various functions related to voluntary motor skills and sensory input, not related to blood circulation, tropical fruit, or programming languages.

The hypothalamus is a crucial part of the limbic system in the brain, which acts as a bridge between the central nervous system (CNS) and the autonomic nervous system. It plays a vital role in regulating various bodily functions, including hormone production, sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, and emotions.

The autonomic nervous system specifically deals with unconscious bodily functions, while the incorrect answers are related to other aspects of the nervous system.

The sympathetic nervous system is activated during fight or flight response, leading to increased activity in preparation for quick action.

The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for rest and digest functions in the body, opposite to the sympathetic nervous system which triggers the fight or flight response.

An excitatory neurotransmitter is specifically involved in stimulating a neuron to send a message to its target cells, as opposed to inhibiting it. It is not related to hormone regulation or ion channels.

Inhibitory neurotransmitters act by decreasing or preventing the neuronal firing of targeted cells, leading to suppression of communication rather than enhancement or promotion.

Acetylcholine serves as both an inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter in various regions of the nervous system, including the basal ganglia, cerebral cortex, RAS, and the peripheral nervous system. It is influenced by substances like hallucinogens, caffeine, and nicotine.

Norepinephrine plays a complex role in the CNS, with both excitatory and inhibitory functions in various regions such as the limbic system, cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, RAS, brain stem, spinal cord, and SNS. It is also associated with CNS stimulation and the effects of MDMA.

Epinephrine is a neurotransmitter that primarily acts as an excitatory agent in both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). It is associated with activities such as fight or flight response and is also known to interact with substances like nicotine and MDMA.

Dopamine acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS and is involved in various important brain regions. The incorrect answers provide misleading information on the role and locations of dopamine in the brain, along with incorrect associations with different substances.

Serotonin acts as an inhibitory neurotransmitter in various regions of the brain, influencing behaviors such as sleep, mood, and aggression.

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that plays a crucial role in regulating neuronal activity in the central nervous system. Its main function is to reduce the excitability of neurons, making it important in processes such as controlling muscle tone, reducing anxiety, and promoting sleep. GABA acts on receptors in the basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebral cortex, contributing to its role as a central nervous system depressant.

Reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters that have been released and reacted to a neuron are taken back into the neuron for recycling or reuse.

In neuroscience, an agonist is a substance that binds to a neuron and activates it to produce a specific response, often mimicking the action of a neurotransmitter.

An antagonist is a substance that interferes with or inhibits the physiological action of another. In the context of neurons, an antagonist is a chemical that binds to a neuron and blocks other neurotransmitters from binding, thus preventing their normal function.

Sedative-hypnotics are a class of substances specifically used to alleviate anxiety and induce sleep, they are not pain relievers, antibiotics, or immunosuppressants.

Alcohol detox can be a dangerous process that may involve severe symptoms such as tremors, hallucinations, withdrawal seizures, and delirium tremens. These symptoms can be life-threatening and should be managed with medical supervision.

Disulfiram, Naltrexone, and Acamprosate are FDA-approved medications used to help individuals with alcohol dependence. These medications work in different ways to either reduce cravings, block the rewarding effects of alcohol, or create an unpleasant reaction when alcohol is consumed. On the other hand, Lorazepam, Metformin, and Amitriptyline are not typically used as alcohol pharmacotherapies.

Disulfiram-Antabuse works by inhibiting the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, leading to an accumulation of acetaldehyde in the body when alcohol is consumed. This buildup of acetaldehyde causes unpleasant physical reactions, such as nausea, vomiting, palpitations, and headache, discouraging the individual from drinking alcohol.