Filosofia E Ética

Before the emergence of philosophy in Ancient Greece, the predominant form of knowledge was mythical knowledge. This means that people relied on myths, legends, and stories to explain natural phenomena, human behavior, and the origins of the world. Mythical knowledge was based on supernatural beings, gods, and goddesses, and was often passed down through oral traditions. It provided a framework for understanding the world and was deeply ingrained in the culture and beliefs of the ancient Greeks. Philosophy emerged as a new approach to seeking knowledge, using reason, logic, and critical thinking to explore and explain the nature of reality.

The passage states that in a paradigm shift, new technological products and services can emerge, which can directly and indirectly improve human life. This is the creative potential that exists in the advancement of science. Therefore, when a paradigm shift occurs, new ideas, products, and services are observed. The term that represents this process is "inovação" (innovation).

The correct answer is "Simbiose entre homem e máquina" because the passage mentions that the notion of ciberdemocracia, which has brought numerous contributions to humanity, is a result of a symbiosis. Considering the context and the content of the textbook, it can be inferred that this symbiosis refers to the collaboration between humans and machines.

The correct answer is "a tecnologia da informação e comunicação." This is because the passage states that technology, specifically the internet, has caused numerous perceptual and behavioral changes in society. The term "tecnologia da informação e comunicação" refers to information and communication technology, which encompasses the internet and its various tools and platforms. Thus, it is the technology of information and communication that has brought about these changes in social relations through the virtual space.

Pierre Lévy believes that in the cyberspace, decisions are made and evaluated quickly because they are embedded in a context of collective intelligence. This means that the online environment allows for a rapid exchange of ideas and information, facilitating the decision-making process. Additionally, the collective intelligence refers to the collaborative and collective nature of online communication, where individuals can contribute their knowledge and expertise to solve problems and make decisions together.

Based on Thomas Kuhn's studies, it is considered that scientific revolutions occur when there is a change in paradigm. This means that scientific knowledge undergoes changes and updates over time. Kuhn argues that scientific progress is not a linear accumulation of knowledge, but rather a series of paradigm shifts where old theories are replaced by new ones. These paradigm shifts represent a fundamental change in the way scientists perceive and understand the world, leading to a revolution in scientific thinking and practice.

The correct answer is "conhecimento" (knowledge). This is because the phrase "Saber é poder" translates to "Knowledge is power" in English. The explanation suggests that the phrase refers to the emancipation of individuals when they gain a better understanding of the reality they live in. This understanding is a result of intellectual achievement and is considered a valuable asset that people can attain. Therefore, the value referred to in the question is knowledge.

O surgimento da vida pública e da política foi determinante para a origem da Filosofia na Grécia Antiga porque permitiu que as pessoas participassem da criação das leis da pólis (cidade-estado). Isso levou à necessidade de definir conceitos abstratos, como justiça e bondade, de forma racional para convencer os cidadãos a votarem nas leis que fossem racionalmente melhores e mais justas.

Gaston Bachelard identified three main periods in the history of knowledge construction: the pre-scientific period, the scientific state, and the new scientific spirit. These periods represent the different stages of human attempts to improve and evolve knowledge.

The correct answer is: "A DÚVIDA METÓDICA LEVA DESCARTES A BUSCAR UM CONHECIMENTO SEGURO QUE TEM COMO FUNDAMENTO INDUBITÁVEL O ARGUMENTO: 'PENSO, LOGO EXISTO!'"

This answer is correct because it accurately summarizes Descartes' method of doubt and his search for a secure foundation of knowledge. Descartes begins by doubting everything he has previously believed in order to establish a solid and certain foundation for his knowledge. He then arrives at the conclusion that the fact that he is doubting implies that he exists, because in order to doubt, one must think, and therefore exist. This famous statement, "Cogito, ergo sum" or "I think, therefore I am," becomes the foundation of Descartes' philosophy.

Aristóteles acreditava que a felicidade (eudaimonia) só poderia ser alcançada por meio de ações virtuosas. Para ele, a felicidade não se resume apenas a momentos de prazer ou aquisição de bens materiais, mas sim a uma vida de virtude e excelência moral. Segundo Aristóteles, a felicidade está ligada ao desenvolvimento das virtudes, como a coragem, a justiça, a generosidade, entre outras, e a prática dessas virtudes em todas as áreas da vida. Portanto, a felicidade para Aristóteles está relacionada ao cultivo de uma vida virtuosa.

The correct answer is "o senso comum, o saber científico e o conhecimento filosófico." This is because the passage states that there are different levels of knowledge that enable humans to analyze phenomena in the world. These levels include common sense, scientific knowledge, and philosophical knowledge.

The given passage suggests that decisions are made collectively and evaluated in real time by the group, with multiple criteria being considered. The modes of evaluation are also constantly debated and assessed. This process of real-time evaluation and decision-making is referred to as "ciberdemocracia" by Lévy. This term describes the phenomenon of horizontal relationships between individuals in a virtual network, where decisions are made collectively and responsibility is shared among citizens.

According to the text by Rousseau, in the state of nature, man possesses physical, moral, and spiritual qualities that make him superior to man in the civil state. In the civil state, man becomes fragmented, corrupted, and loses these natural qualities. Therefore, statement III is correct. Additionally, the text states that good social institutions are able to "unnaturalize" man and transform him into a relative existence, perceiving himself as a part of the whole. This supports statement IV, as it suggests that man in the civil state loses his natural qualities and becomes relative to the society. Therefore, the correct statements are III and IV.

The correct answer is "invenção e criação". The passage states that not everything in the virtual space should be seen as destructive to human potential, according to Lévy. Therefore, it can be inferred that spending time in these environments can lead to moments of invention and creation.

According to Lemos (2004), the advancements mentioned in the passage were only possible due to information technology. However, it is necessary to consider three fundamental historical dimensions that represent this change since the first computer: the technical dimension, which refers to the development of computer technology itself; the social dimension, which involves the impact of computers on society and its structures; and the ideological dimension, which relates to the beliefs, values, and ideologies associated with the use of computers.

Based on the information provided and the content of the referenced books by Pierre Lévy, it can be inferred that the following characteristics are common in online society:

I) consumption of information - This is supported by the concept of "cibercultura" (cyberculture) discussed by Lévy, which emphasizes the importance of information and knowledge in the digital age.

II) constant updating - Lévy's works on cyberculture and the virtual highlight the dynamic nature of the online world, where information and content are constantly being updated and evolving.

IV) inventive production - Lévy's concept of "inteligência coletiva" (collective intelligence) suggests that online society encourages and facilitates the collaborative creation and production of new ideas and content.

Therefore, the correct answer is "Somente as afirmativas I, II e IV" (Only statements I, II, and IV are correct).

The correct answer is "Somente as afirmativas I, II e III." This is because the passage states that technology has brought about social changes and that the speed of these changes is increasing. Based on this information, we can infer that technology contributes to scientific advancements in different areas of human knowledge (I), can provide more comfort through new products and services (II), and causes increasingly rapid changes (III). However, there is no mention of technology being able to cure any disease (IV), so this option is not included in the correct answer.

The correct answer is "somente as afirmativas I, II e III." This is because the information provided states that isonomia guarantees equality among men, isocracia allows all citizens to participate in the division of powers and hold public offices, and isegoria grants the right to speak and express opinions in public debates or assemblies. Therefore, only statements I, II, and III are supported by the given information.

The correct answer is "não são mensuráveis, uma vez que tanto o significado quanto o signo dependem da interpretação de um sujeito." This is because according to Pierre Lévy, information is something that translates meaning to the subject in the form of a message. However, it is known that interpretation is necessary for individuals to give meaning to messages. Since interpretation is subjective and varies from person to person, the meanings and signs cannot be measured objectively.

According to Aristotle's political conception, the city (pólis) should be governed with rationality, with justice and balance prevailing. This means that the city should be organized and governed in a way that promotes fairness and equality, ensuring that decisions and actions are based on reason and logic. This approach emphasizes the importance of a just and balanced society, where the needs and interests of all citizens are taken into account. This idea of governing with rationality and justice continues to be relevant in our world today.

The correct answer is "O direito à igualdade perante as leis e a participar dos debates na Ágora." This answer accurately reflects the principles of isonomia and isegoria in the political development of the Greek city-states. Isonomia refers to the principle of equality before the law, ensuring that all citizens have the same rights and are subject to the same laws. Isegoria, on the other hand, refers to the right to participate in debates and discussions in the public assembly, known as the Agora. These principles were fundamental to the democratic perspective of citizenship in ancient Greece.

The correct answer is "somente as afirmativas I e II". In his work, Rousseau analyzes the origins of inequality among people, specifically the concept of private property. He also argues that once civil society is established, it tends to ignore the fundamental needs of human nature. However, there is no mention of Rousseau discussing the development of society leading to the possibility of free will or self-sufficiency. Additionally, Rousseau does not advocate for an absolutist state as a means to achieve freedom. Therefore, only statements I and II align with Rousseau's ideas.

The correct answer is "A mudança força uma reestruturação das teorias do conhecimento que já estavam consolidadas, uma vez que passam a ser questionadas pelas novas descobertas". This is because the quote from Thomas Kuhn suggests that with the invention of new theories, there is a response from some experts who see their area of competence being infringed upon. The new theory implies a change in the rules that governed the previous practice of normal science, which inevitably affects many previously successful scientific works. Therefore, the change in theories forces a restructuring of the consolidated knowledge as it is questioned by new discoveries.

Pierre Lévy's statement suggests that information is something that conveys meaning to the subject through a message, usually through a sign. It emphasizes that information is not measurable and that the interpretation of the message's meaning depends on the subject's interpretation. Therefore, the correct answer is that information is what translates some meaning to the subject through a message, usually through a sign, as it is not measurable, and the interpretation of the message's meaning depends on the subject's interpretation.

According to Plato, politics and justice are connected in their essence because justice is considered a good in itself. Therefore, the pursuit of justice is intertwined with the search for an ideal political system.

According to the information presented and the content of the textbook, it is correct to affirm that, according to Aristotle, man is a political animal who needs the companionship of his fellow beings, that is, a life in community. This is supported by the statement that the Greeks valued the condition of free men as citizens who should discuss matters of the city in public squares, and that great philosophers of antiquity thought about the relationships between man and the city. Aristotle's concept of the "political animal" emphasizes the social nature of human beings and their need for community life.

The correct answer provides three measures that can help solve the problem of digital inclusion. These measures include the distribution of wifi networks in disadvantaged communities, the use and distribution of new technologies with antenna networks in areas without internet access, and the provision of technology education courses for children, youth, and adults. Additionally, the answer suggests donating devices to disadvantaged communities and engaging in volunteer work related to the promotion of information and communication technologies (ICTs). These measures aim to address the lack of technical, social, cultural, intellectual, and economic access to new technologies and the challenges of the information society, which can lead to digital inequality.

Rousseau argues that the true founder of civil society is the first person who claimed ownership of a piece of land and convinced others to believe in it. This concept of private property is what gives rise to the idea of Contratualismo, which suggests that individuals enter into a social contract with each other to establish a civil society.

The correct answer is that the concept of metaphysics was first used as a categorization of Aristotle's books that went beyond the texts of Physics. This is supported by the information provided in the text, which defines metaphysics as the philosophical investigation that revolves around the question "What is?" and explains that it refers to the existence and essence of reality. The mention of Aristotle's books indicates that the concept was associated with his work.

The correct answer is A SÍNTESE É A PREVALÊNCIA DO INTELECTO SOBRE AS OPINIÕES RELATIVISTAS. This is because the passage mentions that the purpose of dialectic is to reach a synthesis through the clash between theses and antitheses. In this context, the synthesis represents the prevailing of intellect over relativistic opinions, as it is the result of the rational process of dialogue and argumentation.

According to Michel Foucault, in modernity, power is not concentrated in a single entity or individual, but rather dispersed and diffused throughout society. He argues that power operates through various institutions, discourses, and practices, creating a network of power relations that shape and regulate individuals' behavior and actions. This idea of power being diluted in structures of power aligns with Foucault's concept of power as a productive force that operates at multiple levels and is not solely based on coercion or force.

The passage states that the invention of new theories evokes a response from some experts who see their area of competence infringed by these theories. This implies that the new theory forces a restructuring of the previously consolidated knowledge theories because they are being questioned by the new discoveries. Therefore, the correct answer is that the change forces a restructuring of the theories of knowledge that were already consolidated, as they are being questioned by the new discoveries.

According to Charles Sanders Peirce, language is a system of signs that should occupy the place of things and replace the object with a representation. This contrasts with the definition given in the passage, which states that language is an instrument that allows us to think, communicate, establish dialogue, and give meaning to the reality around us. Therefore, the correct answer is that Peirce believed that language is a system of signs that should replace the object with a representation.

Bachelard criticizes the idea of general knowledge because he believes that it hinders scientific progress. He argues that the tendency to understand phenomena in a general and superficial way is easy but prevents the advancement of scientific knowledge. Bachelard believes that a focus on general knowledge leads to the formation of doctrines and hampers the development of a more in-depth and specialized understanding of the world. Therefore, he suggests that a narrow and specific approach to knowledge is more beneficial for scientific advancement.

During a paradigm shift, scientists often tend to support the traditional forms of knowledge that they are already familiar with, making it difficult for them to recognize the new requirements of a paradigm that goes beyond the old way of doing science. This resistance to change can lead them to risk compromising their own area of knowledge.