Soalan Psl Sem 1

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| By Lissa_passo

Lissa_passo

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Quizzes Created: 6 | Total Attempts: 25,910

Soalan: 75 | Attempts: 9,751 | Updated: Mar 21, 2023

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Questions and Answers

1.

Tindakan amylase ke atas karbohidrat bermula di dalam
- A.
  
  Mulut
- B.
  
  Gaster
- C.
  
  Esophagus
- D.
  
  Duodenum
Correct Answer
A. Mulut

Explanation
Amylase is an enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates. It is produced in the salivary glands and released into the mouth during the process of chewing. Therefore, the action of amylase on carbohydrates begins in the mouth.

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2.

Kekurangan instrictric factor akan menyebabkan
- A.
  
  Loya dan muntah yang teruk
- B.
  
  Hakisan pada lapisan mukosa
- C.
  
  Gangguan penyerapan vitamin B12
- D.
  
  Pembentukkan koloni mikroorganisma
Correct Answer
C. Gangguan penyerapan vitamin B12

Explanation
A deficiency in intrinsic factor can lead to a disruption in the absorption of vitamin B12. Intrinsic factor is a protein produced by the stomach that is necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine. Without sufficient intrinsic factor, the body cannot effectively absorb vitamin B12 from the diet, leading to a deficiency. Vitamin B12 is essential for the production of red blood cells and the proper functioning of the nervous system. A deficiency in vitamin B12 can cause symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, neurological problems, and anemia.

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3.

Neurotransmitter yang terdapat di neurovascullar junction adalah
- A.
  
  Adrenaline
- B.
  
  Serotonin
- C.
  
  Acetylcholine
- D.
  
  Norepinephrine
- E.
  
  Option 5
Correct Answer
C. Acetylcholine

Explanation
Acetylcholine is the correct answer because it is a neurotransmitter that is commonly found in the neurovascular junction. Neurovascular junctions are the points where nerve cells meet blood vessels, and acetylcholine is responsible for transmitting signals between nerve cells and muscle cells, including those in blood vessels. It plays a crucial role in regulating blood flow and other physiological processes.

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1
4.

Semasa melakukan patellar reflex assesment , turutan reflex arch adalah seperti berikut
- A.
  
  Receptor - motor neuron - integrating centre - sensory neuron - effector
- B.
  
  Receptor - integrating centre- sensory neuron - motor neuron- effector
- C.
  
  Receptor - sensory neuron - motor neuron - integrating centre- effector
- D.
  
  Receptor- sensory neuron - integrating centre - motor neuron - effector
Correct Answer
D. Receptor- sensory neuron - integrating centre - motor neuron - effector

Explanation
During the patellar reflex assessment, the correct sequence of the reflex arc is as follows: The receptor (located in the muscle) detects the stimulus (stretching of the muscle), which then activates the sensory neuron. The sensory neuron carries the signal to the integrating center (located in the spinal cord), where the signal is processed. The integrating center then sends a signal through the motor neuron, which activates the effector (in this case, the quadriceps muscle) to produce the reflexive response (contraction of the quadriceps muscle).

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5.

Penyerapan semula asid amino dan glukosa yang berlaku di proximal convulated tubule adalah secara
- A.
  
  Diffusion
- B.
  
  Osmosis
- C.
  
  Active transport
- D.
  
  Facilitated diffusion
Correct Answer
C. Active transport

Explanation
The correct answer is active transport. Active transport is the process by which substances are moved across a cell membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring the use of energy. In the proximal convoluted tubule, amino acids and glucose are reabsorbed from the filtrate back into the bloodstream. This process is essential for maintaining proper levels of these molecules in the body. Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion do not require energy and do not occur against a concentration gradient, making them incorrect choices for this scenario.

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6.

Semasa bladder penuh, backflow urin dari bladder ke ureter tidak berlaku disebabkan
- A.
  
  Kontraksi sfinkter internal uretra
- B.
  
  Diameter ureter yang terlalu kecil 3-4 mm
- C.
  
  Lokasi bladder berada di bawah peritoneum
- D.
  
  Ureter memasuki ke dalam bladder secara oblique
Correct Answer
D. Ureter memasuki ke dalam bladder secara oblique

Explanation
The correct answer is that the ureter enters the bladder obliquely. This means that the ureter does not enter the bladder at a right angle, but at an angle. This oblique entry helps to create a one-way valve mechanism that prevents the backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureter. When the bladder is full, the pressure inside the bladder compresses the ureter at the point where it enters the bladder, effectively closing it off and preventing urine from flowing back into the ureter.

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7.

Aqueous humour pada anterior chamber mata dihasilkan oleh cell secretory yang terdapat di
- A.
  
  Iris
- B.
  
  Retina
- C.
  
  Choroids
- D.
  
  Ciliary body
Correct Answer
D. Ciliary body

Explanation
The correct answer is the ciliary body. The ciliary body is responsible for producing the aqueous humor, a clear fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye. This fluid helps to maintain the shape of the eye and provides nutrients to the cornea and lens. The ciliary body contains secretory cells that produce the aqueous humor and also controls the shape of the lens, allowing for focusing on near and distant objects. The iris, retina, and choroids do not produce the aqueous humor.

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8.

Struktur yang menukarkan isyarat gelombang bunyi kepada impuls saraf adalah
- A.
  
  Ossicle
- B.
  
  Cochlea
- C.
  
  Semicircular canal
- D.
  
  Tympanic membrane
Correct Answer
B. Cochlea

Explanation
The cochlea is the structure that converts sound wave signals into neural impulses. It is a spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure located in the inner ear. Inside the cochlea, there are tiny hair cells that are responsible for detecting different frequencies of sound vibrations. When these hair cells are stimulated by the fluid movement, they generate electrical signals that are then transmitted to the brain through the auditory nerve. This conversion of sound waves into neural impulses allows us to perceive and interpret sound.

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1
9.

Sebagai seorang penjawat awam jururawat tertakluk kepada prosiding tatatertib sekiranya melanggar etika semasa mejalankan tugasnya. Kenyataan ini telah digariskan dengan jelas di dalam
- A.
  
  Akta Jururawat 1950.
- B.
  
  Akta Kebidanan 1966.
- C.
  
  Akta Keselamatan Sosial Pekerja 1969.
- D.
  
  Akta Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awan 1957
Correct Answer
D. Akta Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awan 1957

Explanation
The correct answer is "Akta Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Awan 1957." This is because the statement mentions that nurses are subject to disciplinary proceedings if they violate ethics while performing their duties. The Act mentioned is the one that governs the disciplinary proceedings for public servants, including nurses.

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2
10.

Encik F 75 tahun meninggal dunia di rumahnya akibat sakit tua. Individu yang layak menuntut sijil kematiannya di JabatanPendaftaran Negara ialah.
- A.
  
  Rakan simati.
- B.
  
  anak si mati.
- C.
  
  Majikan si mati.
- D.
  
  Penghulu si mati.
Correct Answer
B. anak si mati.

Explanation
The correct answer is "anak si mati" because the individual who is eligible to claim the death certificate at the National Registration Department is the deceased person's child.

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11.

Badan ini memberi peluang kepada jururawat untuk menyuarakan kerjaya mereka.
- A.
  
  International Nursing Council.
- B.
  
  Etika Kejururawatan Malaysia
- C.
  
  Kesatuan Jururawat Malaysia
- D.
  
  Persatuan jururawat Malaysia
Correct Answer
D. Persatuan jururawat Malaysia

Explanation
The correct answer is Persatuan jururawat Malaysia. This organization provides opportunities for nurses to voice their careers and concerns.

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1
12.

Edward lee thorndike mengaplikasikan hukuman kesan dalam bidang
- A.
  
  Kesihatan
- B.
  
  Pendidikan
- C.
  
  Perniagaan
- D.
  
  Keselamatan
Correct Answer
B. Pendidikan

Explanation
Edward Lee Thorndike mengaplikasikan hukuman kesan dalam bidang pendidikan. Ini berarti dia menggunakan hukuman sebagai cara untuk mengubah perilaku siswa dalam konteks pendidikan. Hukuman kesan adalah konsep yang dikembangkan oleh Thorndike yang menyatakan bahwa memberikan konsekuensi negatif setelah perilaku yang tidak diinginkan akan mengurangi kemungkinan perilaku tersebut terjadi lagi di masa depan. Dalam konteks pendidikan, Thorndike menerapkan hukuman kesan untuk mengontrol dan mengarahkan perilaku siswa agar sesuai dengan tujuan pembelajaran.

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1
13.

Kaedah introspection dalam psikologi adalah berkaitan dengan aspek
- A.
  
  Mengenang kembali pengalaman lalu.
- B.
  
  Membuat tindakan sebagai tindak balas
- C.
  
  Menerima sesuatu pengalaman dengan hati terbuka.
- D.
  
  Mempertimbangkan kebaikan dan keburukan sesuatu tindakan.
Correct Answer
A. Mengenang kembali pengalaman lalu.

Explanation
Kaedah introspeksi dalam psikologi berkaitan dengan mengenang kembali pengalaman lalu. Introspeksi melibatkan refleksi diri dan pemahaman tentang pengalaman dan perasaan yang telah kita alami sebelumnya. Dengan mengenang kembali pengalaman lalu, kita dapat memahami dan menganalisis perasaan, pikiran, dan tindakan kita untuk mendapatkan wawasan tentang diri kita sendiri dan memahami bagaimana pengalaman tersebut mempengaruhi kita. Ini membantu dalam mengembangkan pemahaman diri yang lebih baik dan mampu mengambil tindakan yang lebih tepat dalam situasi yang serupa di masa depan.

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1
14.

Penyebab fluid excess adalah
- A.
  
  Dehydration
- B.
  
  Burn
- C.
  
  Renal failure
- D.
  
  Vomiting
Correct Answer
C. Renal failure

Explanation
Renal failure is the correct answer because it refers to the dysfunction or damage to the kidneys, which can lead to an imbalance in fluid regulation in the body. In renal failure, the kidneys are unable to effectively filter and remove waste products and excess fluid from the body, resulting in fluid accumulation and excess. This can cause symptoms such as edema, high blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances.

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1
15.

Menurut Teori Sheldon, seseorang yang berbadan tegap sering dianggap sebagai(mesomorf)
- A.
  
  Berani
- B.
  
  Periang
- C.
  
  Pendiam
- D.
  
  Tidak suka bergaul
Correct Answer
A. Berani

Explanation
According to Sheldon's Theory, individuals with a mesomorph body type are often perceived as brave.

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16.

Teori yang menerangkan tentang trait
- A.
  
  Teori Sheldon
- B.
  
  Extraversion-introversion
- C.
  
  Psychoanalytical theory
- D.
  
  Stimuli-response theory
Correct Answer
B. Extraversion-introversion

Explanation
The correct answer is Extraversion-introversion. This theory explains personality traits related to how individuals interact with the external world. Extraverts are outgoing, sociable, and seek stimulation from their environment, while introverts are more reserved, reflective, and prefer solitude. This theory suggests that individuals fall on a spectrum between extraversion and introversion, and their behavior and preferences are influenced by where they fall on this spectrum.

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17.

Teori Perkembangan Piaget
- A.
  
  Menguji kebolehan kanak-kanak berfikir
- B.
  
  Mengandungi 6 fasa perkembangan
- C.
  
  Membuktikan bahawa terdapat konflik dalam kehidupan
- D.
  
  Melibatkan kajian dari aspek psychosexual(freud)
Correct Answer
A. Menguji kebolehan kanak-kanak berfikir

Explanation
The given correct answer states that the theory of Piaget's Development tests the ability of children to think. This explanation suggests that Piaget's theory focuses on understanding how children develop their cognitive abilities and how they think and reason at different stages of development. Piaget's theory emphasizes the importance of active learning and the role of experience in shaping a child's understanding of the world. It suggests that children go through different stages of cognitive development, and their thinking abilities evolve as they grow older.

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1
18.

Ahli psikologi yang digelar sebagai Father of Psychology
- A.
  
  Albert Bandura
- B.
  
  Wilhelm Wundt
- C.
  
  Sigmund Freud
- D.
  
  Ivan Pavlov
Correct Answer
B. Wilhelm Wundt

Explanation
Wilhelm Wundt is known as the "Father of Psychology" because he established the first psychology laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig. He is credited with making psychology a separate scientific discipline and introducing the method of introspection, which involved self-observation and reporting of one's own conscious experiences. Wundt's work laid the foundation for modern psychology and his contributions are highly regarded in the field.

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1
19.

Psikologi berasal dari perkataan psyche iaitu
- A.
  
  Fizikal
- B.
  
  Spiritual
- C.
  
  Mental
- D.
  
  Emosi
Correct Answer
C. Mental

Explanation
The word "psikologi" originates from the word "psyche," which refers to the mind or soul. It is related to the study and understanding of human behavior and mental processes. Therefore, the correct answer is "mental," as it accurately represents the focus of psychology on the mind and mental aspects of individuals.

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20.

Immobilisasi yang sesuai bagi fracture supracondylar ialah
- A.
  
  Skin traction
- B.
  
  Dunlop traction
- C.
  
  Skeletal traction
- D.
  
  Fixed skin traction
Correct Answer
B. Dunlop traction

Explanation
Dunlop traction is the appropriate immobilization method for a supracondylar fracture. This method involves using a weight and pulley system to apply traction to the affected limb, which helps align the fractured bones and relieve pressure on the area. It is commonly used for fractures near the elbow joint, such as supracondylar fractures. Skeletal traction involves inserting pins or wires into the bone, while skin traction involves applying traction through adhesive strips on the skin. Fixed skin traction refers to a specific type of skin traction that is not commonly used for supracondylar fractures.

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3
21.

Volkmann’s contracture yang berlaku akibat fraktur tangan adalah disebabkan oleh kecederaan kepada
- A.
  
  Otot
- B.
  
  Saraf
- C.
  
  Arteri
- D.
  
  Ligament
Correct Answer
A. Otot

Explanation
Volkmann's contracture is a condition that occurs as a result of a hand fracture. It is caused by injury to the muscles. When a hand fracture occurs, there can be damage to the surrounding muscles, leading to muscle swelling and compression of the blood vessels. This can result in decreased blood flow to the muscles, leading to muscle ischemia (lack of oxygen) and subsequent contracture. Therefore, the correct answer is "Otot" which means "Muscles" in English.

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3
22.

Apakah maksud non-weight bearing bagi pesakit yang dipasangkan kas plaster of paris (POP)?
- A.
  
  Elak penggunaan kaki terlibat sepenuhnya
- B.
  
  Penggunaan kaki terlibat secara intermittent
- C.
  
  Separa berat badan tertumpu pada kaki terlibat
- D.
  
  Berat badan tertumpu pada kaki yang terlibat sepenuhnya
Correct Answer
A. Elak penggunaan kaki terlibat sepenuhnya

Explanation
Non-weight bearing maksudnya adalah menghindari penggunaan kaki terlibat sepenuhnya. Ini berarti pasien yang memakai kas plaster of paris (POP) tidak boleh menumpukan berat badan pada kaki yang terlibat. Hal ini dilakukan untuk melindungi dan mempercepat proses penyembuhan tulang yang rusak atau cedera. Dengan menghindari penggunaan kaki terlibat sepenuhnya, pasien dapat mencegah tekanan berlebih pada tulang yang rusak sehingga memungkinkan proses penyembuhan yang lebih baik.

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4
23.

Wrist drop yang dialami pesakit yang menghidapi fracture shaft of humerus adalah disebabkan kecederaan pada saraf
- A.
  
  Ulnar
- B.
  
  Radial
- C.
  
  Axillary
- D.
  
  Median
Correct Answer
B. Radial

Explanation
Wrist drop is a condition where a person is unable to extend their wrist due to paralysis or weakness of the muscles that control wrist extension. In the case of a fracture shaft of the humerus, it can cause injury to the radial nerve, which innervates the muscles responsible for wrist extension. Therefore, the correct answer is radial.

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1
24.

Tujuan menukar posisi 2 jam sekali bagi pesakit yang baru dipasangkan dengan hip spica adalah untuk
- A.
  
  Mengeringkan plaster cast
- B.
  
  Mengelakkan kejadian plaster sore
- C.
  
  Menggalakkan percantuman tulang
- D.
  
  Memudahkan pemerhatian neurovaskular
Correct Answer
B. Mengelakkan kejadian plaster sore

Explanation
The correct answer is "Mengelakkan kejadian plaster sore". This is because changing positions every 2 hours helps to prevent pressure sores from developing under the plaster cast. Pressure sores can occur when there is prolonged pressure on a particular area of the skin, leading to tissue damage and the formation of sores. By regularly changing positions, the pressure on any one area is relieved, reducing the risk of developing pressure sores.

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25.

Intervensi kejururawatan ini dilakukan untuk memantau potensial fat embolism bagi pesakit dengan fracture femur.
- A.
  
  Beri analgesik bila perlu
- B.
  
  Beri makanan rendah lemak
- C.
  
  Perhatikan kadar pernafasan
- D.
  
  Tinggikan anggota berkenaan
Correct Answer
C. Perhatikan kadar pernafasan

Explanation
This answer is correct because monitoring the respiratory rate is essential in assessing for potential fat embolism in patients with femur fractures. Fat embolism is a serious complication that can occur when fat globules from the bone marrow enter the bloodstream and block small blood vessels in the lungs. Monitoring the respiratory rate can help identify any signs of respiratory distress or decreased oxygenation, which may indicate the presence of fat embolism.

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26.

Bagi pesakit dengan pemasangan kas POP dalam merawat fraktur tertutup berisiko mendapat keadaan ini.
- A.
  
  Fat embolism
- B.
  
  Renal calculi
- C.
  
  Brachial nerve injury
- D.
  
  Compartment syndrome
Correct Answer
D. Compartment syndrome

Explanation
Compartment syndrome is a condition that can occur in patients with a cast or splint for treating a closed fracture. It is characterized by increased pressure within a muscle compartment, leading to reduced blood flow and potential damage to nerves and muscles in that compartment. This can cause severe pain, numbness, and even tissue death if not treated promptly. Therefore, patients with a cast or splint for a closed fracture are at risk of developing compartment syndrome.

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27.

Carta peredaran darah bertujuan untuk memantau
- A.
  
  Status neurovascular
- B.
  
  Status neuromuscular
- C.
  
  Sistem cardiovascular
- D.
  
  Sistem neuronvascular
Correct Answer
A. Status neurovascular

Explanation
The correct answer is "status neurovascular." This refers to monitoring the condition of the blood vessels and nerves in the body. It is important to assess the neurovascular status to ensure proper blood flow and nerve function, as any abnormalities can indicate potential health issues such as circulatory problems or nerve damage.

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28.

Intervensi selepas pemasangan kas POP, jururawat perlu
- A.
  
  Mengampu kas yang basah di atas bantal
- B.
  
  Keringkan kas dengan alat pengering rambut
- C.
  
  Sediakan tilam yang lembut
- D.
  
  Keselesaan pesakit
Correct Answer
A. Mengampu kas yang basah di atas bantal

Explanation
After the installation of a POP cast, the nurse needs to support the wet cast on a pillow. This is because the wet cast needs to be elevated and supported to prevent any discomfort or pressure on the patient's body. Placing the wet cast on a pillow helps to keep it in a raised position and allows air to circulate around it, promoting drying and preventing any further complications.

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1
29.

Langkah yang perlu dilakukan semasa kas Plaster Of Paris masih basah ialah
- A.
  
  Galakkan ambulasi awal dengan crutchers
- B.
  
  Keringkan di bawah lampu angle poise
- C.
  
  Pindahkan kas dengan segera ke katil
- D.
  
  Ampu cast di permukaan rata
Correct Answer
D. Ampu cast di permukaan rata

Explanation
The correct answer is "ampu cast di permukaan rata" which means "elevate the cast on a flat surface". This is the correct step to be taken while the Plaster Of Paris is still wet. By elevating the cast on a flat surface, it helps in preventing any distortion or misalignment of the cast as it dries. This ensures that the cast sets properly and maintains its shape.

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1
30.

Tujuan reduksi dilakukan dalam perawatan close fracture adalah untuk
- A.
  
  Mengurangkan spasma
- B.
  
  Mengurangkan kesakitan
- C.
  
  Memberhentikan perdarahan
- D.
  
  Mengembalikan tulang ke aligment asal
Correct Answer
D. Mengembalikan tulang ke aligment asal

Explanation
The purpose of reduction in the treatment of a closed fracture is to restore the bone to its original alignment. This is important for proper healing and to prevent any long-term complications or deformities. By aligning the bone correctly, it allows for better stability and function of the affected limb or joint.

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1
31.

Fasa terakhir dalam proses penyembuhan fracture ialah
- A.
  
  Ossification
- B.
  
  Remodelling
- C.
  
  Callus formation
- D.
  
  Cellular proliferation
Correct Answer
B. Remodelling

Explanation
The last phase in the healing process of a fracture is remodeling. During this phase, the newly formed bone tissue undergoes structural changes to regain its original shape and strength. This process involves the removal of excess bone material and the realignment of the bone fragments. Remodeling helps to restore the normal function of the bone and can take several months to complete.

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32.

Berikut adalah rawatan pertolongan cemas kepada Encik A yang mengalami sprains di pergelangan kakitangan kanan KECUALI
- A.
  
  Nasihat Ah Seng rehat kaki kanannya
- B.
  
  Lakukan bandaging ke atas pesakit
- C.
  
  Tinggikan kaki kanan dengan bantal
- D.
  
  Beri warm compression di pergelangan kanannya
Correct Answer
D. Beri warm compression di pergelangan kanannya

Explanation
The correct answer suggests giving warm compression to the injured right ankle. Warm compression can help reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation in a sprained ankle. It improves blood circulation to the injured area, which promotes healing. Applying warm compression can also provide comfort and relaxation to the patient.

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33.

Tujuan meninggikan anggota yang telah dipasang POP ialah untuk mencegah
- A.
  
  Perdarahan
- B.
  
  Retakan pada cast
- C.
  
  Bengkak pada hujung anggota
- D.
  
  Kecederaan pada saraf
Correct Answer
C. Bengkak pada hujung anggota

Explanation
The purpose of elevating the installed POP member is to prevent swelling at the end of the limb.

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1
34.

Komplikasi yang kerap berlaku akibat immobility yang lama berikutan fraktur tulang tibia
- A.
  
  Fat embolism
- B.
  
  Disuse muscle
- C.
  
  Joint contracture
- D.
  
  Deep venous thrombosis
Correct Answer
D. Deep venous thrombosis

Explanation
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a common complication that occurs due to prolonged immobility following a tibia bone fracture. DVT refers to the formation of blood clots in the deep veins, usually in the legs. When a person is immobile for an extended period, blood flow slows down, increasing the risk of clot formation. DVT can be dangerous as these clots can break loose and travel to the lungs, causing a potentially life-threatening condition called pulmonary embolism. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and prevent DVT in patients with prolonged immobility after a tibia fracture.

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35.

Kaki kanan Encik Raju berisiko mengalami muscle atrophy berikutan pemasangan POP cast.Apakah tindakan yang perlu dilakukan untuk mencegah muscle atrophy ? Galakkan
- A.
  
  Senaman ankle pump
- B.
  
  Senaman Range of Motion
- C.
  
  Senaman static quadriceps
- D.
  
  Ambulasi dengan crutches
Correct Answer
B. Senaman Range of Motion

Explanation
The correct answer is "senaman Range of Motion" because performing Range of Motion exercises helps to maintain and improve the flexibility and movement of the muscles and joints. This can prevent muscle atrophy, which is the wasting or loss of muscle mass and strength that can occur when a limb is immobilized or not used for an extended period of time. Range of Motion exercises involve moving the joints through their full range of movement to keep the muscles active and prevent stiffness and weakness.

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36.

Encik Raju mengalami closed fracture right tibia dan long leg cast POP dipasangkan pada kaki kanannya.Tujuan utama pemasangan POP cast tersebut adalah untuk
- A.
  
  Mengelakkan joint contracture
- B.
  
  Membetulkan keadaan deformity
- C.
  
  Mencepatkan pertumbuhan tulang baru
- D.
  
  Mengekalkan fragmen tulang selepas reduction
Correct Answer
D. Mengekalkan fragmen tulang selepas reduction

Explanation
The main purpose of applying a long leg cast POP on Encik Raju's right leg is to maintain the bone fragments in place after reduction. This means that the cast helps to keep the broken bone pieces aligned correctly, allowing them to heal properly. By immobilizing the fracture site, the cast prevents any movement that could disrupt the healing process and helps to ensure that the bone fragments remain in their correct position.

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1
37.

Tujuan Open reduction with internal fixation dilakukan dalam perawatan closed fracture adalah untuk
- A.
  
  Menstabilkan sendi berdekatan
- B.
  
  Membetulkan deformity tulang
- C.
  
  Mengurangkan kadar infeksi
- D.
  
  Membolehkan ambulasi awal
Correct Answer
D. Membolehkan ambulasi awal

Explanation
Open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) is a surgical procedure used to treat closed fractures. It involves realigning the broken bones and then securing them in place with internal fixation devices such as screws, plates, or rods. The purpose of this procedure is to allow early ambulation, which means enabling the patient to start walking and bearing weight on the affected limb as soon as possible. This helps prevent complications such as muscle atrophy, joint stiffness, and blood clots, and promotes faster recovery and rehabilitation.

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38.

Tindakan kejururawatan segera untuk mengurangkan kesakitan ke atas anggota yang fracture ialah
- A.
  
  Tinggikan anggota dengan bantal
- B.
  
  Immobilization anggota dengan splint
- C.
  
  Berikan ubat analgesik seperti diarahkan
- D.
  
  Betulkan aligmen tulang dengan closed manipulation reduction
Correct Answer
B. Immobilization anggota dengan splint

Explanation
The correct answer is "immobilization anggota dengan splint". This means that the immediate nursing action to reduce pain on a fractured limb is to immobilize it using a splint. Immobilization helps to stabilize the fractured bone, prevent further injury, and reduce pain by restricting movement of the affected limb. Splints are commonly used in emergency situations before the patient can receive further medical treatment.

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1
39.

Corak fracture yang terbentuk dengan fragmen tulang lebih dari dua di kenali sebagai
- A.
  
  Simple fracture
- B.
  
  Segmented fracture
- C.
  
  Compound fracture
- D.
  
  Comminuted fracture
Correct Answer
C. Compound fracture

Explanation
A compound fracture is a type of fracture where the bone breaks into multiple fragments and pierces through the skin. This type of fracture is characterized by an open wound, which increases the risk of infection and requires immediate medical attention. In contrast, a simple fracture involves a single break in the bone without piercing the skin. A segmented fracture refers to a fracture where the bone breaks into two or more separate pieces, but does not necessarily pierce the skin. A comminuted fracture is a type of fracture where the bone shatters into multiple fragments, but again, it may or may not pierce the skin.

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1
40.

Rawatan konservatif bagi pesakit dengan congenital dislocation of the hip ialah
- A.
  
  Arthroplasty
- B.
  
  Arthrodesis
- C.
  
  Manual reduction
- D.
  
  Rotationary osteotomy
Correct Answer
C. Manual reduction

Explanation
The correct answer is manual reduction. Manual reduction refers to the process of manually manipulating the hip joint to reposition the dislocated hip. This is a non-surgical treatment option for patients with congenital dislocation of the hip. It involves applying gentle pressure and manipulation to guide the hip joint back into its normal position. This procedure is typically performed under anesthesia and may be followed by the use of a brace or cast to maintain the corrected position.

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41.

Perubahan fisiologi yang berlaku pada bayi yang mengalami congenital dislocation of the hip adalah
- A.
  
  Acetabulum berubah bentuk
- B.
  
  Otot femoral yang memanjang
- C.
  
  Neck of femur yang semakin mengecil
- D.
  
  Displacement head of femur (superior dan inferior)
Correct Answer
D. Displacement head of femur (superior dan inferior)

Explanation
The correct answer is displacement head of femur (superior dan inferior). Congenital dislocation of the hip refers to a condition where the head of the femur is not properly located in the acetabulum of the hip joint. This displacement can occur in both superior and inferior directions, leading to abnormal positioning of the femur and causing difficulties in hip movement and stability. This condition can result in long-term complications if not treated promptly.

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42.

Istilah callosities bermaksud
- A.
  
  Ekstremiti menjadi keras
- B.
  
  Pembentukan tulang baru
- C.
  
  Karung fibrous tissue di isi dengan synovial fluid
- D.
  
  Kontraktur sendi yang teruk pada otot sternocleidomastoid
Correct Answer
A. Ekstremiti menjadi keras

Explanation
The term "callosities" refers to the hardening of the extremities.

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43.

Pesakit congenital talipes equino varus akan mengalami kecacatan fisiologikal ini
- A.
  
  External rotation of tibia
- B.
  
  Eversion di metatarsophalangeal
- C.
  
  Dorsi-flexion pada pergelangan kaki
- D.
  
  Inversion di sendi sub– talo-calcaneo
Correct Answer
D. Inversion di sendi sub– talo-calcaneo

Explanation
The correct answer is "Inversion di sendi sub– talo-calcaneo." This is because patients with congenital talipes equino varus will have an inversion deformity at the sub-talo-calcaneal joint.

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44.

Komplikasi torticollis ini boleh terjadi sekiranya bayi tidak diberi rawatan awal
- A.
  
  Cataract
- B.
  
  Muscle dystrophy
- C.
  
  Facial asymmetrical
- D.
  
  Compensatory Scoliosis
Correct Answer
C. Facial asymmetrical

Explanation
If a baby with torticollis is not given early treatment, it can lead to facial asymmetry. Torticollis is a condition where the neck muscles are tight or shortened, causing the head to tilt to one side. If left untreated, this can result in the baby consistently resting their head in one position, leading to facial asymmetry. This means that one side of the face may appear different or uneven compared to the other side.

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45.

Faktor penyebab pesakit torticollis sukar memusing kepala kearah yang bertentangan ialah
- A.
  
  Kesakitan otot occpitofrontalis
- B.
  
  Kecederaan pada otot buccinator
- C.
  
  Tekanan pada saraf musculotaneous
- D.
  
  Kekejangan pada otot sternocleidomastoid
Correct Answer
D. Kekejangan pada otot sternocleidomastoid

Explanation
Torticollis, also known as wry neck, is a condition characterized by the involuntary contraction or spasm of the muscles in the neck, specifically the sternocleidomastoid muscle. This muscle runs from the back of the ear to the collarbone and helps to rotate and tilt the head. When it becomes tight or spasms, it can cause difficulty in turning the head in the opposite direction. Therefore, the correct answer is "Kekejangan pada otot sternocleidomastoid" which means spasm of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

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46.

Semasa bercakap dengan pesakit yang mengalami strok enam bulan yang lalu, anda perhatikan ucapan mereka sukar difahami dan diterjemahkan. Keadaan ini dikenali sebagai
- A.
  
  Dysarthria
- B.
  
  Apraxia
- C.
  
  Alexia
- D.
  
  Dysphagia
Correct Answer
A. Dysarthria

Explanation
Dysarthria is a condition characterized by difficulty in speaking and articulating words clearly. It can result from damage to the muscles used for speech production, such as those controlling the tongue, lips, vocal cords, or diaphragm. In the given scenario, the patient's speech is observed to be difficult to understand and translate, which aligns with the symptoms of dysarthria. Apraxia refers to difficulty in coordinating and planning the movements necessary for speech, while alexia refers to difficulty in reading, and dysphagia refers to difficulty in swallowing.

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3
47.

Anda sedang memberi pendidikan kesihatan kepada pesakit dengan transient ischemic attacks (TIA's). Apakah pendidikan kesihatan yang tidak benar mengenai TIA's?
- A.
  
  TIA disebabkan oleh penurunan aliran darah sementara ke bahagian otak.
- B.
  
  TIA menunjukkan tanda dan gejala yang boleh bertahan selama beberapa minggu hingga berbulan-bulan.
- C.
  
  TIA merupakan tanda amaran bahawa strok akan berlaku.
- D.
  
  TIA tidak memerlukan rawatan perubatan.
Correct Answer
C. TIA merupakan tanda amaran bahawa strok akan berlaku.

Explanation
The incorrect health education about TIA is that TIA is a warning sign that a stroke will occur.

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1
48.

Pesakit manakah yang berisiko untuk mendapat haemorrhagic stroke *
- A.
  
  Lelaki 65 tahun dengan carotid stenosis
- B.
  
  Wanita 80 tahun dengan atherosclerosis
- C.
  
  Lelaki 88 tahun dengan uncontrolled hypertension
- D.
  
  Wanita 55 tahun dengan AF
Correct Answer
C. Lelaki 88 tahun dengan uncontrolled hypertension

Explanation
Lelaki 88 tahun dengan uncontrolled hypertension berisiko untuk mendapat haemorrhagic stroke. Hypertensi yang tidak terkendali dapat menyebabkan tekanan darah tinggi yang berlebihan pada pembuluh darah di otak, yang dapat menyebabkan pecahnya pembuluh darah dan mengakibatkan stroke hemoragik. Faktor risiko lain seperti usia yang lebih tua juga dapat meningkatkan risiko terjadinya stroke.

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49.

Encik H mempunyai afasia ekspresif. Apakah cara yang paling berkesan untuk berkomunikasi dengan pesakit?
- A.
  
  Guna orang perantaraan
- B.
  
  Guna communication board
- C.
  
  Guna soalan yang mudah
- D.
  
  Guna bahasa isyarat
Correct Answer
B. Guna communication board

Explanation
The most effective way to communicate with a patient with expressive aphasia is by using a communication board. This is because expressive aphasia affects the ability to produce language, making it difficult for the patient to express their thoughts and ideas verbally. A communication board provides visual aids and symbols that the patient can point to in order to convey their message. This method allows for effective communication and understanding between the patient and the caregiver or healthcare professional.

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2
50.

Encik A menunjukkan tanda dan gejala strok. Beliau mengadu kehilangan penglihatan. Bahagian otak manakah yang anda jangkakan terjejas berdasarkan penemuan ini?
- A.
  
  Brain stem
- B.
  
  Hipotalamus
- C.
  
  Parietal lobe
- D.
  
  Occipital lobe
Correct Answer
D. Occipital lobe

Explanation
Based on the given symptoms of losing vision, it can be inferred that the occipital lobe is likely to be affected. The occipital lobe is responsible for processing visual information and any damage to this area can result in visual impairments or loss of vision. Therefore, it is reasonable to expect that the occipital lobe is the part of the brain that is affected in this case.

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1

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