Soal Latihan Ulangan Akhir Semester 1 Kelas X (Sepuluh)

Vaksinasi dilakukan untuk mencegah serangan penyakit karena virus. Oleh karena itu, vaksin diberikan kepada orang yang kondisi tubuhnya sehat.

The correct answer is 2 because the picture shows a mushroom, and spores are typically formed in the gills or pores of a mushroom.

The correct answer is mikologi. Mikologi adalah cabang biologi yang khusus mempelajari fungi atau jamur. Mikologi mempelajari segala hal tentang jamur, termasuk struktur, siklus hidup, reproduksi, serta peran dan interaksi jamur dengan lingkungan dan organisme lainnya.

The correct answer is 2, 3, 4, 5, 1. This is the correct sequence of the bacteriophage cycle. The bacteriophage cycle begins with the attachment of the phage to the host cell (2), followed by the injection of the phage's genetic material into the host cell (3). Next, the phage's genetic material takes over the host cell's machinery to produce more phage particles (4). After the replication of the phage particles, the host cell is lysed, releasing the newly formed phages (5). Finally, the released phages can go on to infect other host cells (1).

Eucheuma, Gelidium, and Gracillaria are types of Rhodophyta algae that can be used as a source of agar-agar. Agar-agar is a gelatinous substance derived from seaweed and is commonly used as a thickening agent in food products, such as desserts and jellies. It is also used in microbiology laboratories as a culture medium for growing bacteria and other microorganisms. Therefore, these three types of algae can be utilized to extract agar-agar, making them a suitable answer for the question.

Pengasinan adalah cara yang digunakan untuk mengatasi serangan bakteri yang merugikan pada bahan makanan ikan. Proses pengasinan melibatkan penambahan garam ke dalam ikan untuk menurunkan kadar air dan menciptakan lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan bagi pertumbuhan bakteri. Dengan demikian, pengasinan dapat membantu mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan pada bahan makanan ikan.

Neurospora crassa is a beneficial fungus used in the production of oncom. Oncom is a traditional Indonesian food made from fermented soybean cake. The fungus is responsible for the fermentation process, which gives oncom its unique flavor and texture. Therefore, the correct answer is oncom.

Bakteri autotrof adalah bakteri yang mengubah bahan anorganik menjadi bahan organik. Ini berarti bahwa bakteri ini mampu melakukan fotosintesis atau kemosintesis untuk menghasilkan makanannya sendiri dari bahan-bahan non-organik seperti karbon dioksida dan air. Proses ini memungkinkan bakteri autotrof untuk mandiri dalam memperoleh nutrisi mereka, tidak tergantung pada organisme lain atau hanya menyerang bahan organik.

Chlorella is a type of green algae that has gained attention from experts due to its high protein and starch content. This suggests that Chlorella belongs to the green algae category.

Stapilokokus adalah bakteri yang berbentuk bulat dan bergerombol seperti buah anggur.

Protozoa yang bergerak secara ameboid membuat tonjolan protoplasma dengan disertai adanya aliran protoplasma ke satu arah. Ini berarti mereka membentuk tonjolan pada tubuh mereka yang disertai dengan aliran protoplasma yang mengarah ke arah tertentu. Hal ini memungkinkan mereka untuk bergerak dan berpindah tempat dengan cara mengubah bentuk tubuh mereka.

The given options consist of various organisms, and the question asks for the exception among them that does not belong to the prokaryotes. Prokaryotes are organisms that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Chlorella is a eukaryotic organism, not a prokaryote, as it possesses a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Therefore, Chlorella is the correct answer as it does not belong to the prokaryotes group.

Stapilokokus adalah bakteri yang berbentuk bulat dan biasanya terdapat dalam kelompok yang disebut "staphylococci". Bakteri ini memiliki kemampuan untuk membentuk koloni yang menyerupai buah anggur. Oleh karena itu, jawaban yang benar adalah "Stapilokokus".

The red color in red algae is caused by the pigment fikoeritrin.

The correct answer is "belum mempunyai akar, batang dan daun yang sesungguhnya". This is because the statement suggests that the alga does not have true roots, stems, and leaves like higher plants.

Phytophthora infestans is the correct answer because it is a well-known water mold that causes late blight disease in potato plants. Late blight is a devastating disease that can rapidly destroy potato crops, causing significant economic losses. This pathogen thrives in moist conditions and can spread quickly through spores, leading to the rapid spread of the disease. Therefore, it is important for farmers to identify and control Phytophthora infestans to protect their potato crops.

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When hifa (-) and hifa (+) fuse in Rhizopus, they form a structure called zigospora. This is a type of reproductive structure that is characteristic of Rhizopus.

The correct answer is transformasi, konyugasi, transduksi. Reproduksi bakteri secara generatif terjadi melalui tiga cara, yaitu transformasi, konyugasi, dan transduksi. Transformasi terjadi ketika bakteri mengambil DNA dari lingkungan sekitarnya. Konyugasi terjadi ketika dua bakteri saling menghubungkan diri melalui pilus dan bertukar materi genetik. Transduksi terjadi ketika materi genetik bakteri ditransfer melalui virus bakteriofag.

Euglena is a member of the flagellate group that contains chlorophyll, which gives it a green color. This means that it is capable of photosynthesis, similar to plants. Noctiluca, Radiolaria, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania do not possess chlorophyll and therefore cannot perform photosynthesis.

Ganggang merah mempunyai pigmen merah yang dominan yang disebut fikoeritrin. Pigmen ini memberikan warna merah pada ganggang merah dan berperan dalam proses fotosintesis. Karoten, xantofil, fikosianin, dan fikosantin adalah pigmen lain yang dapat ditemukan pada ganggang, tetapi fikoeritrin adalah pigmen yang dominan pada ganggang merah.

The correct answer is transformasi, konyugasi, transduksi. Reproduksi bakteri secara generatif sering disebut paraseksual dan dapat terjadi melalui tiga cara yaitu transformasi, konyugasi, dan transduksi. Transformasi adalah proses di mana bakteri mengambil DNA bebas dari lingkungan sekitarnya. Konyugasi adalah proses transfer genetik antara dua sel bakteri yang melibatkan kontak fisik melalui pilus seks. Transduksi adalah proses transfer genetik melalui virus bakteriofag yang menginfeksi sel bakteri dan mengirimkan materi genetik dari sel satu ke sel lain.

Kitin adalah bahan yang ditemukan dalam dinding sel jamur. Kitin adalah polisakarida yang kuat dan tahan lama, dan memberikan kekuatan dan kekakuan pada dinding sel jamur. Selain itu, kitin juga memberikan perlindungan terhadap serangan patogen. Oleh karena itu, kitin adalah komponen penting dalam struktur dan fungsi sel jamur.

Rhizobium is the correct answer because it is a type of bacteria that forms a symbiotic relationship with legume plants. The bacteria colonize the roots of the plants and form nodules, where they convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form that the plants can use for growth. This process is called nitrogen fixation and it helps to improve soil fertility. Azotobacter, Clostridium, Nitrococcus, and Nitrobacter are not known for their ability to fix nitrogen in the same way that Rhizobium does.

The correct answer is "Vakuola kontraktil." Vakuola kontraktil, also known as contractile vacuole, is responsible for regulating the water balance and osmotic pressure in protozoa. It helps remove excess water from the cell by contracting and expelling it out of the cell. This process is essential for maintaining the cell's internal environment and preventing it from bursting due to osmotic pressure.

During the life cycle of the Plasmodium parasite, the zygote is formed inside the mosquito's intestine. This is where the male and female gametes of the parasite fuse to form a zygote, which later develops into an ookinete. The ookinete then penetrates the mosquito's midgut wall and transforms into an oocyst, eventually leading to the production of sporozoites. Therefore, the correct answer is "usus nyamuk" which means mosquito's intestine in English.

The correct answer is nukleus. The explanation is that the nucleus is considered an exception to the cell theory because it does not have a membrane that surrounds it. This is in contrast to other organelles like mitochondria, lysosomes, and Golgi bodies, which are all surrounded by membranes. The nucleus is a membrane-less organelle that contains the cell's genetic material and is responsible for controlling cellular activities.

Bakteri dapat melindungi diri dari pengaruh lingkungan buruk dengan membentuk kista. Kista adalah bentuk dorman dari bakteri yang memungkinkannya bertahan dalam kondisi lingkungan yang tidak menguntungkan seperti suhu yang ekstrem atau kekurangan nutrisi. Dalam bentuk kista, bakteri dapat melindungi diri dari kemungkinan kerusakan dan tetap hidup sampai kondisi lingkungan menjadi lebih baik untuk pertumbuhan dan reproduksi mereka.

Ganggang dalam ekosistem kolam berperan sebagai penyedia makanan. Ganggang adalah organisme autotrofik yang mampu melakukan fotosintesis untuk menghasilkan makanan sendiri. Mereka menggunakan energi matahari, karbon dioksida, dan nutrisi lainnya untuk menghasilkan glukosa dan oksigen. Makanan yang dihasilkan oleh ganggang ini menjadi sumber makanan bagi organisme lain dalam ekosistem kolam, termasuk hewan dan mikroorganisme. Oleh karena itu, ganggang berperan penting dalam menyediakan makanan bagi kehidupan lain dalam ekosistem kolam.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the correct answer because it is commonly known as baker's yeast or brewer's yeast, which is used in the production of bread and alcohol. It is a type of yeast that ferments sugars and produces carbon dioxide and alcohol, which helps in the leavening of bread and the fermentation of beer and wine.

All members being saprophytic is not a characteristic of water fungi.

The correct answer is "difteri, radang paru-paru, pes, TBC". Difteri, radang paru-paru, pes, and TBC are all diseases caused by bacteria. Polio, tetanus, kolera, kurap, panu, and kolera are not caused by bacteria.

When a person is infected with malaria, the Plasmodium parasite enters the red blood cells. As the parasite multiplies inside the red blood cells, it eventually causes the cells to burst, releasing more parasites into the bloodstream. This bursting of red blood cells leads to an increase in body temperature, as it triggers an immune response and inflammation in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is that the red blood cells bursting causes an increase in body temperature in malaria patients.

Euchema spinosum is a type of algae that has a slimy layer on its cells, which is why it is used to make agar-agar. This type of algae belongs to the Rhodophyceae group.

Phytopthora infestan is the correct answer because it is a type of water mold that causes diseases in plants, including potatoes. It is responsible for causing late blight, which is a devastating disease that can quickly destroy potato crops. Late blight is characterized by dark, water-soaked lesions on the leaves, stems, and tubers of the plants. It spreads rapidly under cool and moist conditions, making it a significant threat to potato production. Therefore, Phytopthora infestan is the correct answer as it specifically targets and causes diseases in potato plants.

Oomycotina is the correct answer because this group of fungi has cell walls composed of cellulose. The other options, Basidiomycotina, Ascomycotina, Zygomycotina, and Deuteromycotina, have cell walls made up of different materials such as chitin or glucans. Therefore, Oomycotina is the only group that fits the description of having cell walls composed of cellulose.

Malaria tertiana is caused by Plasmodium vivax. This species of Plasmodium is responsible for causing the most common form of malaria, known as tertian malaria. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Plasmodium vivax infects red blood cells and causes recurring episodes of fever, chills, and flu-like symptoms. It is prevalent in many parts of the world, including Asia, Latin America, and parts of Africa. Proper diagnosis and treatment are necessary to prevent complications and the spread of the disease.

The correct answer is 4 - 5 - 6. This is because viruses are not considered living organisms, but they do possess certain characteristics. They reproduce by duplicating their DNA within a host cell (4), their genetic material is wrapped in protein (5), and they can be crystallized (6).

Trypanosoma cruzi adalah penyebab penyakit Chagas pada manusia dan hewan. Penyakit ini dapat ditularkan melalui vektor lalat tabanus.

The correct answer is eritrosit. Reproduksi aseksual plasmodium, yang merupakan parasit penyebab malaria, terjadi di dalam tubuh manusia. Plasmodium berkembang biak dengan membelah diri di dalam eritrosit, sel darah merah yang mengandung hemoglobin. Selama proses ini, plasmodium memanfaatkan eritrosit sebagai tempat tinggal dan sumber nutrisi untuk tumbuh dan berkembang. Oleh karena itu, eritrosit adalah lokasi reproduksi aseksual plasmodium di dalam tubuh manusia.

Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chrysogenum are the correct answers because they are both species of fungi that belong to the Ascomycotina group and have the ability to produce the antibiotic penicillin.

Vorticella is the correct answer because it matches the description given in the question. Vorticella is a freshwater protozoan that has a bell or trumpet shape and can attach to substrates. It is also capable of contracting and extending its body. Euglena viridis, Paramecium caudatum, Didinium, and Amoeba proteus do not have the same characteristics mentioned in the question.

Foraminifera fossils can be used as a clue in the search for oil because these microscopic organisms have shells made of calcium carbonate that accumulate on the ocean floor. These shells can provide information about the age and composition of the sediment layers, which can help geologists locate potential oil reservoirs. Additionally, the presence of certain species of Foraminifera can indicate the presence of organic-rich sediments, which are favorable conditions for oil formation. Therefore, Foraminifera fossils are valuable indicators in the exploration for oil.

Radiolaria is the correct answer because it is a type of microorganism that has a silica-based skeleton and is commonly found in marine sediment. These skeletons can be used as an abrasive material for polishing or as an ingredient in the production of dynamite. Foraminifera, Trychonympha, Giardia lambia, and Toxoplasma are not suitable for these purposes.

The correct answer is "tubuh vegetatifnya seperti lendir." This is because the statement suggests that the water mold has a vegetative body similar to slime molds. This implies that the water mold belongs to the protist group, as slime molds are also protists. The other options - "bentuknya mirip amoeba," "bentuknya mirip tumbuhan," "bentuknya mirip ganggang," and "hanya membentuk spora vegetatif" - do not provide any information about the water mold's classification or resemblance to other organisms.

Entamoeba hystolitica is a causative agent of amoebic dysentery. It belongs to the class Rhizopoda, which includes amoebas that move using pseudopodia. This class is characterized by their ability to extend and retract their cytoplasmic extensions to move and engulf food particles. Therefore, the correct answer is rhizopoda.

The correct answer is "isogami, anisogami dan oogami". This is because the question is asking for the methods of generative reproduction in algae. "Isogami" refers to the fusion of gametes that are similar in size and structure, "anisogami" refers to the fusion of gametes that are different in size and structure, and "oogami" refers to the fusion of a large nonmotile egg with a smaller motile sperm. These three methods cover the different ways in which algae can reproduce generatively.

The correct answer is "Mampu hidup secara fotoautotrop dari bahan bahan anorganik". This means that the algae in the crustose lichen is capable of carrying out photosynthesis and producing its own food from inorganic substances. In symbiosis with the fungus, the algae provide nutrients through photosynthesis, while the fungus provides a protective structure for the algae. If the fungus and algae are separated, the algae can continue to survive independently through photosynthesis, while the fungus cannot survive without the nutrients provided by the algae.

Anabaena azolae is a type of blue-green algae that is beneficial in agriculture because it has the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen. This means that it can convert nitrogen gas from the air into a form that plants can use as a nutrient. This process is important for plant growth as nitrogen is an essential element for their development. Therefore, Anabaena azolae can enhance soil fertility and improve crop yields, making it advantageous in the field of agriculture.

The correct answer is "jamur yang reproduksinya generatif belum diketahui". This is because the statement "jamur yang reproduksinya generatif belum diketahui" means that the reproductive method of the fungus is not known. This suggests that the fungus belongs to the Deuteuromycetes class, which is characterized by a lack of clear understanding of its generative reproduction.