Qcm Science Politique Comu11ba

Malinowski est né en 1884 en Pologne et est considéré comme le fondateur de l'anthropologie fonctionnaliste. Il a introduit cette approche dans son étude de la société trobriandaise en Papouasie-Nouvelle-Guinée. L'analyse fonctionnaliste se concentre sur les fonctions et les relations sociales au sein d'une société, en mettant l'accent sur la manière dont les différentes parties d'une société interagissent pour maintenir son équilibre. Cela diffère de l'approche marxiste, qui se concentre sur les conflits de classe, et de l'approche machiavélienne, qui se concentre sur le pouvoir politique. Par conséquent, Malinowski est la réponse correcte.

The correct answer is "Capacité cognitive." In Almond and Powell's political system, the capacity cognitive refers to the ability of individuals to understand and analyze political information. It involves the cognitive processes of perception, learning, and knowledge acquisition. However, the other three options, extractive, reactive, and distributive capacities, are all considered as basic functions of the political system according to Almond and Powell. Extractive capacity refers to the ability of the government to collect resources from society, reactive capacity refers to the ability to respond to societal demands and pressures, and distributive capacity refers to the ability to allocate resources and benefits within society.

In Belgium, the legal form of a political party is ASBL (Association Sans But Lucratif), which translates to Non-Profit Association. This legal structure allows political parties to operate as non-profit organizations and engage in political activities. ASBLs are governed by specific laws and regulations that ensure transparency and accountability in their operations.

The correct answer is "La diversité des opinions, la persuasion, la négociation et la prise de décisions, l'exercice d'un pouvoir." This answer aligns with the various elements mentioned in the given statements about the definition of politics. It includes the diversity of opinions, the use of persuasion and negotiation, the process of decision-making, and the exercise of power, which are all fundamental aspects of politics.

La séparation des pouvoirs n'a pas participé au développement de la démocratie participative car elle est plutôt liée à la structure et à l'organisation du gouvernement. La démocratie participative se concentre davantage sur l'implication directe des citoyens dans le processus décisionnel et la prise de décision collective. Les autres facteurs mentionnés, tels que la participation collective, l'augmentation du niveau d'éducation et le développement des moyens de communication, ont tous contribué à faciliter la participation et l'engagement des citoyens dans la démocratie participative.

The correct answer states that socialization can involve the inculcation of culture, the reproduction of a class culture, and the construction of one's identity. This means that through socialization, individuals learn the values, beliefs, and behaviors of their culture, as well as the norms and expectations associated with their social class. Additionally, socialization involves the process of constructing one's own identity, which is influenced by both cultural and class factors.

If DP = E (Ua t+1 ) - E (Ub t+1 ) >0, it means that the expected utility for party a in the next period is higher than the expected utility for party b. Therefore, it is rational to vote for party a, which is the incumbent party, as they are more likely to bring better outcomes for the individual.

The correct answer is "Rassemblement organisé" (organized gathering). The other options mentioned in the question - "Evénement déclencheur" (triggering event), "Emergence d'un objectif commun" (emergence of a common goal), and "Etat d'esprit et impulsion à agir ensemble" (state of mind and impulse to act together) - are all steps in Blumer's decomposition of the emergence of collective behavior. However, an organized gathering does not necessarily have to occur for collective behavior to emerge.

The given correct answer states that all the propositions mentioned above are correct. This means that all the statements provided in the options are true and can be considered as properties of a partisan system. The options explain that a partisan system involves the relationships and interactions between political parties, which can be either conflictual or cooperative. Furthermore, it states that parties choose these strategies to gain power. Therefore, all the given propositions are valid properties of a partisan system.

According to the results of the Milgram experiment, a doctor is more likely to disobey authority compared to the other options given. The Milgram experiment was a study on obedience to authority figures, where participants were instructed to administer electric shocks to another person. The results showed that individuals with higher levels of education, such as doctors, were more likely to question and disobey authority compared to those who were less educated. Therefore, based on these findings, a doctor is the most likely to disobey authority.

The correct answer is "Un mouvement du journalisme apparu à la fin des années 80 aux USA qui avait pour but de rediriger la trajectoire du journalisme." This answer explains that the "public robuste" or "civic journalism" is a movement in journalism that emerged in the late 1980s in the USA with the aim of redirecting the trajectory of journalism. It suggests that this movement sought to make journalism more responsive to the needs and interests of the public, emphasizing civic engagement and participation in the news process.

One of the factors that allows measuring social capital is the social position of the citizen. This means that the level of social integration, participation, and trust within a community can be assessed by looking at the social status and connections of its members. The number of inhabitants in the country and the economic situation of the country are not direct indicators of social capital, as they do not specifically measure the relationships and networks within a community. Therefore, the correct answer is the social position of the citizen.

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The correct answer is "idéologie marxiste, nationaliste et totalitaire". This answer correctly identifies three types of ideologies observed in a totalitarian regime. The Marxist ideology refers to the belief in the principles of Karl Marx, such as class struggle and the establishment of a communist society. The nationalist ideology emphasizes the promotion and protection of a particular nation's interests and values. The totalitarian ideology advocates for absolute control and authority of the government over all aspects of society.

The correct answer is "Les partis de masses vont apparaitre avec le basculement du suffrage censitaire." This statement is false because mass parties emerged before the shift from restricted suffrage to universal suffrage. Mass parties began to appear in the late 19th century, particularly in Western Europe, as a response to the growing influence of the working class and the demand for political representation. The shift from restricted suffrage to universal suffrage came later as a result of various social and political movements.

The explanation for the given correct answer is that "on vote selon la personnalité des candidats offerts à notre choix" means that we vote based on the personality of the candidates available to us. This suggests that the personal qualities and characteristics of the candidates play a significant role in influencing our electoral choice.

According to Machiavelli, one does not acquire power through the favor or consent of the citizens, but rather through force. This means that Machiavelli believed that a ruler should not rely on the goodwill or support of the people, but instead should assert their power through coercion and control. Machiavelli's view was that power is not gained through the benevolence of others, but through the ability to assert dominance and control over them.

According to Sartori's typology, a party is considered relevant if it achieves an electoral threshold of 3%. This means that the party must receive at least 3% of the total votes in order to be considered significant or influential in the political landscape. Parties that fall below this threshold may not have enough support or representation to have a substantial impact on the political system.

The correct answer is "Du rapport particulier avec la peur" which translates to "From the particular relationship with fear." This suggests that the sacredness of power comes from the specific connection it has with fear. This could mean that people view power as something to be feared, or that power is seen as a source of protection against fear. The explanation implies that the fear associated with power gives it a sacred quality.

The correct answer is "Paroissiale, subjective et participative". These three types of political culture refer to different ways in which individuals perceive and engage with politics. "Paroissiale" refers to a culture that is focused on local concerns and traditional values. "Subjective" refers to a culture that is shaped by personal experiences and emotions. "Participative" refers to a culture that encourages citizen engagement and involvement in political processes.

In a parliamentary system, candidates for elections are chosen based on social criteria. This means that their selection is influenced by factors such as their social background, connections, and popularity among the general public. Social criteria can include considerations such as the candidate's ability to connect with voters, their reputation in the community, and their understanding of social issues and concerns. These criteria help ensure that elected representatives are representative of the society they serve and can effectively address the social needs and interests of the people.

The given question asks for the development that is not related to understanding the role of media in democracy. The options provided are "La prolifération" (proliferation), "La concentration" (concentration), "La globalisation" (globalization), and "La numérisation" (digitization). Out of these options, "La numérisation" (digitization) is the correct answer as it does not directly relate to understanding the role of media in democracy. The other options, such as proliferation, concentration, and globalization, can all be seen as different perspectives or approaches to understanding the role of media in a democratic society.

The correct answer is that many respondents react to the context in which the question is asked and the order in which the alternative responses are presented. This means that people's responses can be influenced by factors such as the wording of the question, the tone of the interviewer, and the order in which the answer choices are given. This highlights the idea that people adapt their responses based on the effect they believe it will have, which is known as the "response effect".

The given answer states that "Electorat suit les élections comme une course de chevaux" (Voters follow elections like a horse race) is not a part of the reasoning. This means that the comparison between the electorate and a consumer is not based on the idea that voters follow elections like a horse race. The other options in the reasoning include the function of elections to select the government, the ability of the electorate to choose and prioritize alternatives based on preferences, and the choice of alternative that maximizes their utility.

The correct answer is "Le multipartisme modéré, polarisé, segmenté et le bipartisme." This answer accurately identifies the four main partisan systems in Sartori's typology. These systems include moderate multipartism, polarized multipartism, segmented multipartism, and bipartism.

The correct answer is "Le pouvoir des élus limité dans le temps." This means that the limited time in power for elected officials does not contribute to the emergence of "counter-democracy." Counter-democracy refers to actions or movements that undermine or oppose democratic processes and institutions. The other options listed, such as citizen surveillance, the power of sanction and prevention, and the power to hold politicians accountable through legal means, can all potentially contribute to counter-democracy by challenging or subverting democratic principles.

The correct answer is "Un indicateur de faiblesse du système politique à garder « up-­‐to-­‐date » les citoyens dans un environnement global de l’information et qui souhaitent participer à celui-­‐ci." This answer suggests that e-democracy is an indicator of weakness in the political system, as it implies that the system needs to keep citizens informed and engaged in a global information environment. It also highlights the importance of citizen participation in this system.

The main criticism of the dominant ideology model is that it underestimates individuals' ability to filter the information they receive from the media. This criticism suggests that the model assumes individuals are passive recipients of media messages and lacks recognition of their agency and critical thinking skills in interpreting and evaluating information.

The correct answer is "Situation dans laquelle les élites amènent les citoyens à avoir des opinions qu'ils ne tiendraient pas s'ils possédaient de meilleures informations/anlyses." This explanation suggests that the definition of political elite domination given by Page and Shapiro is a situation where the elites manipulate or influence the opinions of citizens, leading them to hold certain beliefs that they would not hold if they had better access to information and analysis.

The development of means of communication does not interact in the democratic deficit because it refers to the advancements and improvements in communication technology and channels. This factor alone does not directly contribute to or affect the democratic deficit. The democratic deficit is more related to the lack of realization of objectives and the failure to respond to citizens' aspirations, which are not influenced by the development of communication means.

The correct answer is "Les parlements Pays de l'Est connaissent une faible activité, débat peu présent et de faible intensité." This statement suggests that parliaments in Eastern countries have low activity levels, with little presence of debates and low intensity. This implies that the legislative process in these countries is not very dynamic or robust.

According to the elitist thesis of Mosca, the elite is composed of a minority of individuals who hold power in a society. Mosca argued that power is not evenly distributed among the population, but rather concentrated in the hands of a few. He believed that this elite class maintains its power through various means, such as control over institutions and manipulation of public opinion. Mosca's thesis suggests that society is inherently unequal and that power is primarily held by a select few.

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La conception mandatée offre la plus grande marge de manœuvres aux élus. Cela signifie que les élus ont la liberté de prendre des décisions et d'agir selon leur propre jugement, tout en étant responsables envers les électeurs qui les ont mandatés. Cette conception permet aux élus d'exercer leur pouvoir de manière autonome et de représenter au mieux les intérêts de leurs électeurs.

The correct answer is "la souveraineté nationale appartient au peuple." This statement is false because in a pluralistic system, sovereignty is not solely held by the people but is shared among various groups and institutions. In a pluralistic society, power is distributed among different political, social, and economic actors, rather than being concentrated solely in the hands of the people.

The correct answer is "démocratie à double vitesse." This phrase translates to "dual-speed democracy" in English. It suggests that in a dual-speed democracy, there is a difference in the level of activity and engagement between the government and elites on one hand, and the citizens on the other hand. This implies that while the government and elites may be highly active and involved in political matters, the citizens may have a lower level of activity and engagement, particularly when it comes to personal issues.

The statement "En cas de démission ou vote de méfiance, le gouvernement démissionaire ne doit plus rien assurer" is false. In case of resignation or vote of no confidence, the outgoing government still has the obligation to ensure the continuity of essential government functions until a new government is formed or elections are held. This includes managing ongoing affairs, providing necessary services to the public, and addressing any emergencies or crises that may arise.

The correct answer explains the difference between "mass media" journalism and classical journalism. It states that the first type of journalism, which emerged more recently, utilizes new information and communication technologies (TIC) and is seen as delivering analyses of real facts. On the other hand, classical journalism is confined to print media and serves as a common forum for debate, targeting a homogeneous group of citizens. Therefore, the first type focuses on analyzing real facts, while the second type promotes discussion and targets a specific group of citizens.

The correct answer is "les décisions politiques peuvent être discutées et négociées." This statement defines representative democracy, where political decisions can be discussed and negotiated. In a representative democracy, the people elect representatives who make decisions on their behalf, and these decisions are open to discussion and negotiation. This principle ensures that the government is accountable to the people and allows for the participation of citizens in the decision-making process.

Selon Weber, les deux dimensions du pouvoir sont rationnelle et affective. La dimension rationnelle du pouvoir se réfère aux règles et aux lois établies qui dictent l'exercice du pouvoir, tandis que la dimension affective se réfère à l'influence et au charisme personnel d'un individu dans l'exercice du pouvoir. Ces deux dimensions sont considérées comme complémentaires et jouent un rôle important dans la compréhension du pouvoir et de son fonctionnement.

The correct answer is "Situation de communication dans laquelle au moins un interlocuteur tente de changer de l'opinion de l'autre grâce à des propositions impersonnelles ou portant sur le futur." This definition accurately describes the concept of a political discussion, where one person tries to persuade the other to change their opinion by presenting impersonal propositions or discussing future possibilities.

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The correct answer is "Le modèle de résonnance" because it is not one of the three variables mentioned by Mair for evaluating the change in party systems.

The correct answer is "Fonction de création et de mise en œuvre politique et la fonction de leadership." This answer accurately reflects the two general functions of government, which are the function of creating and implementing policies and the function of leadership. These functions involve formulating and executing political strategies and providing guidance and direction to the nation.

The appearance of opinion polls in party democracy does not lead to a uniformization of public opinion. Opinion polls provide a platform for individuals to express their political opinions, allowing for a diversity of views to be heard. The presence of opinion polls may actually lead to a more varied and dynamic public opinion, as it gives individuals the opportunity to voice their thoughts and perspectives. Therefore, the statement that the appearance of opinion polls leads to a uniformization of public opinion is not a consequence of their existence.

The dominant divide between 1970 and 2000 in Belgium was the division between the center and the periphery. This refers to the divide between urban areas and more rural or peripheral regions. This division can be seen in various aspects such as economic development, infrastructure, and political representation. Urban centers tend to have more resources, opportunities, and influence compared to the more peripheral areas. This divide has implications for issues such as regional development, decentralization, and socio-economic disparities.

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La proposition "Activation du parti en période électorale (stratégie opportuniste)" ne constitue PAS une caractéristique d'un parti de cartel. Les partis de cartel se caractérisent par la professionnalisation des partis, la monopolisation du pouvoir et la répartition des ressources. L'activation du parti en période électorale en utilisant une stratégie opportuniste n'est pas spécifique aux partis de cartel, mais peut être observée dans d'autres types de partis politiques également.

N. Schiffino is the correct answer. The question asks for the author who identified 10 criteria of participatory democracy. Since N. Schiffino is the only option provided, we can conclude that they are the author in question.

The correct answer is "D'accueil, de résistance, d'accessibilité, de réponse". This is because Zaller's model consists of four axioms that describe the process of political communication. These axioms are "reception", which refers to the individual's exposure to political messages, "resistance", which refers to the individual's tendency to resist persuasion, "accessibility", which refers to the individual's ability to recall relevant information, and "response", which refers to the individual's decision-making process and behavioral response to political messages.

The correct answer is that the Christians are the representatives of the farmers and opposed to the socialist/communist defenders of the industrial world. This means that the Christians align themselves with the rural sector and are against the socialist/communist parties who support the interests of the industrial sector.

The correct answer is "Modèles issus de la psychologie humaine, issus de la géographie humaine et mixtes." This answer suggests that the three explanatory models of voting include elements from both psychology and geography, and can also be a combination of both. This implies that factors such as individual psychology and geographical location can influence voting behavior.

All the statements are correct. The first statement states that in parliamentary systems, the Prime Minister is a flexible formula as they can be either a simple "chief" of ministers or a leader. The second statement explains that limited presidential regime lacks flexibility because the leader has a lot of authority but is constrained by legal provisions. The third statement suggests that absolute leadership of presidents can be achieved through their previous actions or by usurpation. Therefore, all the statements are true.

The correct answer is "Les discussions sur les changements dans le journalisme, les problèmes de qualité, l'économie, etc." This choice accurately describes the concept of "tabloidisation" as discussions about changes in journalism, quality issues, and economic factors. It suggests that the term refers to a broader discussion about the state of journalism rather than specific actions or tendencies of journalists.

The correct answer is "La résistance discursive." This is because the question asks for a proposition that is not a form of resistance to change in the direction of a dominant message. The other three options, "La résistance partisane," "La résistance d'inertie," and "La résistance de compensation," all describe different forms of resistance to change. However, "La résistance discursive" does not fit this description, as it does not refer to a form of resistance to change in the direction of a dominant message.

The correct answer is "Le parti direct est basé sur une affiliation au parti au travers d'une organisation intermédiaire." This statement is false because the direct party is based on direct membership and does not require affiliation through an intermediary organization.

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Parmi les principes du gouvernement représentatif selon Manin, la liberté d'expression et de protestation ne constitue pas l'un d'entre eux. Les autres propositions mentionnent des principes tels que l'élection des gouvernants par des gouvernés à intervalles réguliers, l'indépendance relative des gouvernés et la prise de décision après l'épreuve de la discussion politique. Cependant, la liberté d'expression et de protestation n'est pas spécifiquement mentionnée comme l'un des principes du gouvernement représentatif selon Manin.

According to Duverger, the two-round majoritarian system tends to favor a multi-party system where parties are dependent on each other. This is because in a two-round system, if no candidate receives an absolute majority in the first round, a second round is held between the top two candidates. This encourages strategic voting and coalition-building among parties, as they try to form alliances to ensure their preferred candidate makes it to the second round. As a result, parties become more interdependent and reliant on each other in order to gain power.

The correct answer is "La démocratie participative." This is because participatory democracy is not a type of representative government. In a participatory democracy, citizens directly participate in decision-making processes, rather than electing representatives to make decisions on their behalf. In contrast, in a representative government like parliamentarism, democracy of parties, or public democracy, citizens elect representatives who make decisions on their behalf.

The correct answer is "Les dirigeants décident des acteurs composant leur parti." This proposition does not describe a reason for an oligarchic system turning into an autocracy. The other options suggest that the leaders have control over the internal organs of the party, hold the party members accountable, and have stability while the members may be unstable. These factors can contribute to an oligarchic system transitioning into an autocracy.

The correct answer is "Caractéristiques sociales, poliltiques, économiques et culturelles des élus." This answer is not a criterion that influences electoral behavior. The other options, such as the personality of the candidates, the configuration of the candidatures, and the issues emphasized during the campaign, are all factors that can affect how people vote in elections.

The correct answer is "La déléguée est conçue comme le fait d'agir pour quelqu'un d'autre dans un cadre d'action et la mandatée est conçue avec la création des partis modernes." This answer accurately describes the concepts of "déléguée" and "mandatée" in relation to their respective definitions. It states that "déléguée" refers to the act of acting on behalf of someone else in a specific context, while "mandatée" is associated with the creation of modern political parties.

The correct answer is that all of the above responses are correct. This means that individuals engage in selective reception for a variety of reasons, including the fact that most people get their information from a wide range of sources, it requires a higher level of concern than most citizens who are often apathetic about politics, and most new events that are important enough to engage the attention of researchers are significant.

According to Zaller, the different actors at the base of change are recent events/information and exposure to persuasive communications and their acceptance. This means that when people are exposed to new information or events, and they are persuaded by the communication surrounding these events, it can lead to a change in their attitudes or beliefs. This suggests that the media and political elites play a significant role in shaping public opinion and driving change.

The characteristics that determine the World Revolution are the acceleration of the process of overcoming borders and the difference in "worldviews". This means that the world is becoming more interconnected and globalized, with ideas and perspectives from different cultures and societies coming together. This can lead to both positive and negative effects, as it can promote trade and standardization of goods, but also lead to issues such as outsourcing and increasing multiculturalism. Therefore, all of the given answers are correct in describing the characteristics of the World Revolution.