Qcm Science Po

In a participatory democracy, individuals have the opportunity to actively participate in decision-making processes beyond just voting. This means that citizens are able to engage in discussions, propose ideas, and contribute to the development and implementation of policies and laws. This type of democracy emphasizes the importance of citizen involvement and aims to give them a more direct role in shaping their government and society.

Rousseau prône le contrat social, which means Rousseau advocates for the social contract. This statement is true because Rousseau's political philosophy revolves around the idea that individuals should willingly enter into a social contract with each other, surrendering some of their individual freedom in order to form a society that benefits the common good. Rousseau argues that this social contract is necessary for a just and harmonious society.

In a democratic system, the people are considered both subjects and sovereign. This means that the power to make decisions and govern lies with the people themselves. The government acts on behalf of the people and is accountable to them. The democratic system aims to ensure that the interests and needs of the people are represented and protected. Therefore, the correct answer is a) Car le peuple est à la fois sujet et souverain.

The correct answer is b) Socio-économique, religieux et communautaire. In Belgium, there are three major traditional divides that shape the country's politics and society. The first is the socio-economic divide, which refers to the differences in wealth, income, and social class. The second is the religious divide, which stems from the historical tension between Catholics and Protestants. The third is the community divide, which relates to the linguistic and cultural differences between the Dutch-speaking Flemish community and the French-speaking Walloon community. These three divides have a significant impact on Belgian politics and have shaped the country's political landscape for decades.

Participatory democracy refers to a form of democracy where individuals play a significant role that goes beyond just the right to vote. In this type of democracy, citizens are actively involved in decision-making processes, policy formulation, and implementation. They have the opportunity to directly participate in public affairs, express their opinions, and contribute to shaping the policies and actions of the government. This can be done through various means such as public consultations, citizen assemblies, referendums, and grassroots movements.

The correct answer is b) Une marge de manœuvre. This means that with the mandate of representation, the elected officials have some room for maneuver. This suggests that they have some flexibility or freedom to make decisions and take action within the scope of their role as representatives.

Machiavelli's main idea, as stated in the correct answer, is the concept of "faire croire" or "making others believe." This refers to the idea that a successful leader should prioritize maintaining power and control, even if it means deceiving or manipulating others. Machiavelli believed that leaders should be willing to use any means necessary, including deceit and manipulation, in order to achieve their goals and maintain their authority. This idea is central to Machiavelli's famous work, "The Prince," where he offers advice to rulers on how to gain and maintain power in a politically unstable world.

The correct answer is "b) De l’e-democracy." This is because the question is asking about the way V. Van Quickenborne announces the government's fall and the return to elections on Facebook/Twitter. "De l’e-democracy" refers to the use of electronic platforms, such as social media, for democratic processes and engagement with citizens. Therefore, it is the most appropriate answer as it describes the use of online platforms for democratic communication and participation.

Machiavelli believed that ideally, it is better to be both loved and feared. However, if one has to choose between the two, it is better to be feared. This is because being loved can be fickle and easily taken advantage of, while being feared ensures obedience and respect. Machiavelli believed that it is difficult to achieve both love and fear, but if one has to prioritize, it is more effective to be feared.

The correct answer is b) les 3. According to Mr. Duverger, the three essential phases of democracy are the birth of democracy, the functioning of classical democracy, and the techno-democracy.

The correct answer states that a representative democracy has become the fundamental conception of democracy. This means that the concept of representative democracy is now widely accepted and recognized as the primary form of democracy. It implies that the idea of democracy has evolved to include the principles of representation and the delegation of power to elected representatives.

A democratic regime is characterized by regular elections, a multiparty system, and media freedom. However, the control of media is not a characteristic of a democratic regime. In a democratic regime, media should be independent and free from government control or interference. Therefore, option c) Contrôle des médias does not characterize a democratic regime.

The correct answer is c) Résulte d’élections. This is because the question is asking about the basis on which Tunisia and Côte d'Ivoire can be considered as democracies. The fact that their power results from elections is a key characteristic of a democratic system. This means that the leaders in these countries are chosen by the people through a voting process, which is a fundamental aspect of democracy.

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The correct answer is b) Car les relations entre le premier ministre et les ministre ne sont pas égalitaires. This is because in practice, the relationships between the prime minister and the ministers are not equal. The prime minister often holds more power and authority, making the relationships unequal.

Both direct democracy and participatory democracy involve citizen participation. However, in direct democracy, all citizens have the opportunity to participate directly in decision-making processes, such as through voting on laws or policies. In participatory democracy, while everyone still has the opportunity to participate, the level of participation may vary. Some citizens may choose to actively engage in decision-making processes, while others may only participate to a lesser extent, such as through consultations or feedback. Therefore, option c) states that everyone participates in both types of democracy, but in direct democracy, there is a higher level of participation compared to participatory democracy.

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The given answer states that "c) There are more and more people who want power due to population growth" is not a factor explaining the emergence of participatory democracy. This is because the desire for power among individuals due to population growth does not directly contribute to the emergence of participatory democracy. Instead, factors such as the development of communication means, increased education of citizens, and alternatives to traditional democratic systems play a more significant role in explaining the emergence of participatory democracy.

The correct answer is "Réduction des citoyens à une participation physique et d’une attitude de consommateur" which means "Reduction of citizens to physical participation and consumer attitude". This option is not an advantage of e-democracy because it suggests that e-democracy reduces citizens to passive consumers rather than active participants in the democratic process. E-democracy actually allows for better exchange of ideas and information, solves the problem of "critical mass", and enables a more efficient democracy through "point and click" interactions.

The correct answer is c) Traditionnelle. When referring to "l'éternel hier", it means traditional authority. This type of authority is based on long-standing customs, traditions, and beliefs that have been passed down through generations. It is rooted in the idea that power and legitimacy come from historical precedent and the acceptance of authority by the people.

Mener une manifestation non prévue et violente est une forme de participation politique non conventionnelle car elle implique des actions qui ne sont pas considérées comme normales ou acceptées dans le processus politique traditionnel. Cela inclut des comportements tels que la violence et la désobéissance civile, qui visent à perturber l'ordre établi et à exprimer un mécontentement politique de manière radicale. Cette forme de participation politique est considérée comme non conventionnelle car elle ne suit pas les règles et les normes généralement acceptées de participation politique, telles que le vote, la réponse aux sondages ou la signature de pétitions.

The correct answer is "a) Repose sur des coutumes et traditions du passé." This means that traditional domination is based on customs and traditions from the past. Traditional domination relies on the authority and legitimacy of long-standing customs and practices. It is different from rational-legal domination, which is based on laws and rules, and charismatic domination, which is based on the personal charisma of the leader. Traditional domination is often associated with inherited positions of power and authority.

Charismatic domination is a type of domination where authority is based on the personal charisma or exceptional qualities of the leader. The leader is able to inspire and influence others through their personal qualities, such as their charm, eloquence, or heroic actions. This type of domination is not based on traditional or legal-rational grounds, but rather on the leader's personal appeal and ability to attract followers.

The correct answer is c) Processus de passage au politique et de socialisation politique. This means that politisation refers to the process of transitioning into politics and political socialization. It involves becoming involved in political activities and being socialized into the political system.

The function of creating and implementing policies is considered an original design because it needs to satisfy both the requirements of reality and the psychological aspects involved. This means that policies should not only be practical and feasible in the real world, but they should also take into account the psychological factors and impacts on individuals or groups affected by these policies. This ensures that policies are not only effective in addressing the issues they aim to solve, but also consider the human element and potential psychological effects.

The correct answer states that e-democracy is a potential source of manipulation. This means that e-democracy can be manipulated or influenced in some way, which raises concerns about the integrity and fairness of the democratic process. This criticism suggests that e-democracy may not be as reliable or trustworthy as traditional forms of democracy.

La séparation des pouvoirs n'a pas participé au développement de la démocratie participative. La séparation des pouvoirs est un principe fondamental de la démocratie représentative, où les pouvoirs législatif, exécutif et judiciaire sont distincts et indépendants les uns des autres. La démocratie participative, en revanche, vise à impliquer directement les citoyens dans le processus décisionnel. Bien que la séparation des pouvoirs soit importante pour garantir l'équilibre des pouvoirs au sein d'un gouvernement, elle ne contribue pas directement au développement de la démocratie participative.

The correct answer is "Part de ces deux constats". This means that post-materialism is based on the observation that both the standard of living and values have evolved. It acknowledges that societal changes have occurred in terms of material wealth and also in terms of the shift in values and priorities.

The correct answer is b) Le niveau d’éducation est intimement lié aux aspirations démocratiques. This means that there is a strong connection between the level of education individuals have and their desire for a democratic regime. The more educated someone is, the more likely they are to value and support democracy. Education can provide individuals with the knowledge and critical thinking skills necessary to understand the importance of democratic principles such as freedom, equality, and participation in decision-making processes. Therefore, higher levels of education tend to be associated with a greater appreciation and support for democracy.

The correct answer is b) Les gouvernants doivent respecter scrupuleusement leur programme. This statement contradicts the principles of representative democracy because it implies that once elected, the government officials are bound to strictly follow their pre-established program without any room for flexibility or adaptation to changing circumstances. In a representative democracy, the elected officials are expected to make decisions based on the best interests of the people they represent, which may require them to deviate from their initial program if necessary.

Rousseau distinguishes three types of political regimes: Aristocracy, Monarchy, and Democracy. He believes that Aristocracy is a government ruled by a small group of elites, Monarchy is a government ruled by a single individual, and Democracy is a government ruled by the people. These three types of regimes represent different forms of governance and power distribution, with Aristocracy and Monarchy being more exclusive and centralized, while Democracy is more inclusive and decentralized.

The correct answer is b) Lorsqu’un conflit est pris en charge par le pouvoir. This means that the political intervention occurs when a conflict is being addressed by those in power. This suggests that politicians get involved in resolving conflicts and maintaining stability within a society.

According to Machiavelli, a ruler should be both feared and loved in order to effectively govern a state. Machiavelli argues that it is better for a ruler to be feared because fear ensures obedience and prevents rebellion. However, he also acknowledges the importance of being loved by the people, as love creates loyalty and support. Machiavelli's idea is that a ruler should strike a balance between fear and love, using both tactics when necessary to maintain control and stability in the state.

Almond & Verba argue that the best culture for democracy is civic culture. Civic culture refers to a set of values, attitudes, and behaviors that support democratic governance. It includes elements such as political participation, trust in institutions, and a sense of civic duty. According to Almond & Verba, a strong civic culture is necessary for a democracy to thrive because it promotes active citizenship and a commitment to democratic values.

Dans les systèmes parlementaires de cabinet, le premier ministre peut être à la fois un simple "chef des ministres" et un leader. En tant que chef des ministres, il est responsable de la coordination et de la supervision des activités du gouvernement. En tant que leader, il est chargé de diriger le parti politique au pouvoir et de représenter le gouvernement sur la scène nationale et internationale. Cette dualité de rôles permet au premier ministre d'exercer à la fois des fonctions administratives et politiques.

Agenda setting refers to the process of influencing public opinion and shaping political discourse by determining which issues are given prominence and which are ignored. In the context of election campaigns or regular politics, it involves the manipulation of issues or their importance by introducing new topics or reframing existing problems. This can be done by politicians, media, or interest groups to control the public's attention and shape their perception of the political landscape.

The correct answer is c) 20e siècle. The term "suffrage universel" refers to the right to vote for all adult citizens, regardless of gender, race, or social status. This concept began to gain traction in the 19th century with movements for democracy and equal rights. However, it wasn't until the 20th century that many countries around the world fully implemented universal suffrage, granting voting rights to all adult citizens. This was a significant milestone in the progress towards democratic governance.

The correct answer is b) Le nombre de moyens d’information a augmenté. This means that the government is an important source of information, especially considering that the number of information sources has increased.

The term "politisation" refers to both the process of transition to politics and political socialization. It encompasses both aspects, indicating that it involves both the process of becoming involved in politics and the socialization into political beliefs and values.

The correct answer is b) Yes, because democracy, in its original form, refers to a government by the citizens directly, so there is no distinction between governors and governed. This answer explains that in a true democracy, there is no representation as the citizens themselves govern directly without any intermediaries.

Weber is the one who defines power as "the chance of imposing one's own will within a social relationship, even against resistance." This definition emphasizes the ability to exert one's will and overcome opposition in a social context. Weber's concept of power is distinct from Mill's, Almond and Verba's, and Durkheim's understanding of power.

This question asks which of the given options is not one of Noam Chomsky's 5 filters. The correct answer is "Le média est-il financé par les seuls pouvoirs public" (Is the media funded solely by public powers). This is not one of Chomsky's filters as his filters focus on ownership, advertising, sourcing, flak, and anti-communism, rather than the funding source of the media.

The correct answer is c) La confection du budget. This option states that the creation of the budget is not one of the activities of the Parliament. The other options, a) Le contrôle financier, b) Le contrôle politique, and d) Le travail législatif, all refer to activities that are typically performed by the Parliament.

The correct answer (b) states that the model of dominant ideology sees mass media as a force defending the economic and social interests of the elites and underestimates individuals' ability to filter information. This suggests that according to this model, mass media is biased and serves the interests of those in power, rather than being a neutral source of information. Additionally, it implies that individuals are not capable of critically analyzing and filtering the information they receive from mass media.

According to the Michigan model (the partisan crisis), the correct statement is that "Les groupes de citoyens ont la capacité d’articuler les intérêts" which translates to "Citizen groups have the ability to articulate interests." This means that in the Michigan model, it is believed that citizens' groups have the power to express and advocate for their interests, rather than relying solely on political parties for information and representation.

The correct answer is d) Allemagne. The first ecological party emerged in Germany.

La démocratie n'est pas toujours la politique dans tous les cas. La politique peut exister dans différents types de gouvernements, y compris ceux qui ne sont pas démocratiques. La démocratie est un système politique spécifique dans lequel le pouvoir est exercé par le peuple, par le biais d'élections et de la participation citoyenne. Cependant, la politique peut également exister dans des systèmes autoritaires ou des régimes totalitaires où le pouvoir est concentré entre les mains d'un seul individu ou d'un petit groupe. Ainsi, la démocratie n'est pas une caractéristique intrinsèque de la politique en général.

The correct answer is b) Nombre de personnes au pouvoir. This is not one of the situations of influence described by Robert Dahl. The other options all relate to different aspects of influence, such as the degree of change in an actor's position, the difference in the scope of actions, and the importance of differences in the probability of acquiescence. However, the number of people in power is not specifically mentioned as a situation of influence by Dahl.

Monopartisme n'est pas repris dans la typologie des systèmes partisans de Sartori car il se réfère à un système politique où un seul parti politique est autorisé à participer aux élections et à gouverner. Dans la typologie de Sartori, il se concentre sur les systèmes multipartites, où plusieurs partis politiques sont autorisés à participer aux élections et à exercer le pouvoir.

The correct answer is b) Le pouvoir est confié à quelques-uns et non plus à tous. This is because in a representative democracy, the power is entrusted to a few individuals who are elected by the citizens to make decisions on their behalf. This is in contrast to a direct democracy where all citizens have a direct say in decision-making.