Science Study Guide Quiz Questions

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The science of finding out.

About This Quiz

Science, defined as a system that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. How good are you with the basics of science? Take up the quiz and see how good you are.

Science Study Guide Quiz Questions - Quiz

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2.

Explanation that seeks to identify the major factos that affect something across many cases.

Explanation
A nomothetic explanation is an explanation that aims to identify the major factors that affect something across many cases. It seeks to establish general laws or principles that can be applied to a wide range of situations. This type of explanation focuses on finding commonalities and patterns in order to understand and predict behavior or outcomes. It is contrasted with an idiographic explanation, which focuses on understanding the unique and individual aspects of a specific case. Nomothetic explanations are particularly useful in fields such as psychology, sociology, and economics, where general theories and principles are sought after.

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3.

A source of knowledge that is obtained from experts.

Explanation
Authority refers to a source of knowledge that is obtained from experts. It implies that the information or knowledge is coming from a credible and reliable source, such as an expert in a particular field. This type of knowledge is considered trustworthy and can be relied upon for accuracy and expertise.

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4.

The assumption that a few similar events are evidence of a general pattern.

Explanation
Overgeneralization refers to the assumption that a few similar events are evidence of a general pattern. It occurs when someone draws broad conclusions or makes sweeping generalizations based on limited or insufficient evidence. This can lead to inaccurate or biased conclusions, as it fails to consider the diversity and complexity of individual cases or situations. Overgeneralization can be problematic as it overlooks important nuances and can perpetuate stereotypes or misconceptions.

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5.

Interpreting events to fit a general pattern that a researcher believes to be true.

Explanation
Selective observation refers to the tendency of a researcher to interpret events in a way that supports their preconceived beliefs or hypotheses. It involves focusing only on the information that confirms their existing theories while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence. This bias can lead to a distorted understanding of the data and can hinder the objectivity and validity of research findings. By selectively observing and interpreting events, researchers may inadvertently overlook alternative explanations or fail to consider the full range of possibilities, thus compromising the accuracy and reliability of their conclusions.

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6.

Logical and persistent patterns in social life.

Explanation
Social regularities refer to the consistent and recurring patterns that can be observed in social life. These patterns can include behaviors, norms, customs, and interactions that are consistently followed by individuals or groups in a society. By recognizing and understanding social regularities, we can gain insights into the underlying structures and dynamics of social life.

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7.

Logical groupings of attributes.

Explanation
The term "variables" refers to logical groupings of attributes. This means that attributes are grouped together under a common variable, which helps in organizing and managing data efficiently. By grouping related attributes, it becomes easier to understand and analyze the data. Variables also allow for easier manipulation and processing of data, as operations can be performed on the entire group of attributes at once.

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8.

An association that links variables.

Explanation
The correct answer is "relationship" because an association is a connection or link between variables, and this connection is often referred to as a relationship. The term "relationship" implies a connection or association between two or more variables, indicating that they are related or dependent on each other in some way. Therefore, "relationship" is the most appropriate term to describe an association that links variables.

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9.

Collective actions and situations of many individuals.

Explanation
Aggregates refer to the collective actions and situations of many individuals. It is a term used to describe the combination or collection of various elements, entities, or individuals into a whole. In this context, aggregates represent the coming together of multiple individuals or actions to form a unified entity or situation.

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10.

The cause of a particular dependent variable.

Explanation
The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is the cause or potential cause of the dependent variable. By altering the independent variable, researchers can determine if and how it influences the dependent variable. Therefore, the independent variable is the most likely explanation for the observed changes in the dependent variable.

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11.

Most of what we know is a matter of
- Personal experience
- A result of scientific discovery
- Empirical evidence
- Agreement reality
- Logical support
Correct Answer

A. Agreement reality

Explanation

Agreement reality refers to the shared beliefs and understandings that are accepted by a particular group or society. It suggests that much of what we know is based on the consensus and agreement among individuals rather than personal experiences, scientific discoveries, empirical evidence, or logical support. This concept highlights the influence of social and cultural factors in shaping our understanding of the world.

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12.

Which one of the following is the best example of agreement-based knowledge?
- You meet 15 Graskinos and conclude that they are all prejudiced
- You develop a scale to measure love and give it to 20 people
- You accept prejudice as wrong because that is what the Bible says
- You do not get right next to people when you talk to them because it violates a norm
- You run an experiment to test the effect of crowding
Correct Answer

A. You do not get right next to people when you talk to them because it violates a norm

Explanation

The best example of agreement-based knowledge is when you do not get right next to people when you talk to them because it violates a norm. This is because agreement-based knowledge is based on social norms and cultural agreements. In this example, the person is following a social norm of maintaining personal space when interacting with others. This behavior is considered acceptable and expected in most cultures, demonstrating an understanding and adherence to agreement-based knowledge.

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13.

The two foundations of science are
- Tradition and observation
- Observation and logic
- Logic and theory
- Theory and observation
- Logic and generalization
Correct Answer

A. Observation and logic

Explanation

Observation and logic are the two foundations of science because they form the basis for the scientific method. Observation involves gathering empirical evidence through careful and systematic observation of the natural world. Logic, on the other hand, involves using reasoning and critical thinking to analyze and interpret the observed data. By combining observation with logical reasoning, scientists can formulate hypotheses, test them through experiments or further observations, and draw conclusions based on the evidence. This iterative process of observation and logical analysis allows scientists to build theories and expand our understanding of the natural world.

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14.

When you hear the 4:27 train blow its whistle as you walk home from school every day, you can expect within minutes to smell Ms. Stockland's cooking. This is an example of
- Understanding without prediction
- Understanding with prediction
- Prediction with understanding
- Prediction without understanding
- Scientific reasoning
Correct Answer

A. Prediction without understanding

Explanation

This scenario describes a situation where the sound of the train whistle predicts the smell of Ms. Stockland's cooking. However, there is no understanding or knowledge of the underlying reason for this connection. Therefore, it can be categorized as "prediction without understanding."

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15.

"But my professor said that no significant differences exist between men and women regarding intelligence." What source of understanding does this example reflect
- Personal experience
- Tradition
- Authority
- Public opinion
- Science
Correct Answer

A. Authority

Explanation

This example reflects the source of understanding known as authority. The person is basing their belief on what their professor has said, indicating that they trust and rely on the knowledge and expertise of their professor as an authority figure in the field.

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16.

A student meets two fraternity men at a party who talk about all the partying they do. She then concludes that all fraternity men party all the time. What error in understanding does this example reflect?
- Inaccurate observation
- Overgeneralization
- Selective observation
- Illogical reasoning
- Overemphasis on authority
Correct Answer

A. Overgeneralization

Explanation

The student's conclusion that all fraternity men party all the time is an example of overgeneralization. Overgeneralization occurs when a person makes a broad generalization based on a limited number of observations or experiences. In this case, the student is basing her conclusion on the behavior of only two fraternity men, which is not representative of all fraternity men.

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17.

In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and that your own point of view will determine what you perceive in your measuring process. She has taken which view of reality?
- Correct
- Premodern
- Modern
- Postmodern
- Scientific
Correct Answer

A. Postmodern

Explanation

In this question, the correct answer is postmodern. The friend's argument suggests that reality is subjective and that one's point of view influences their perception of what they are trying to measure. This aligns with the postmodern view, which emphasizes the subjective nature of truth and rejects the idea of an objective reality.

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18.

You have just had a wonderful streak of great luck in your methods class: you've gotten A's on the last three tests and computer assignment. You have a research project due on the last day of class and you just know that you are going to flunk it. After all, something has to happen to break up this streak of good luck. You have fallen prey to the error of
- Illogical reasoning
- Inaccurate observation
- Selective observation
- Over-emphasis on tradition
- Overgeneralization
Correct Answer

A. Illogical reasoning

Explanation

The individual in this scenario is assuming that because they have had a streak of good luck, something bad must happen to balance it out. This is an example of illogical reasoning, as there is no logical connection between their previous streak of luck and their assumption that they will fail the research project. They are making a faulty inference based on unrelated events.

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19.

Criminal justice studentent Vierling has noticed in her internship that adolescents who have experienced difficulties in school are more likely to become juvenile deliquents. In her process of going from the specific observations to the discovery of a more general pattern, she has employed
- Social regularity thinking
- Illogical reasoning
- Deductive reasoning
- Inductive reasoning
- Nomothetic inquiry
Correct Answer

A. Inductive reasoning

Explanation

Inductive reasoning is the correct answer because Vierling is using specific observations (adolescents who have experienced difficulties in school) to make a general pattern (they are more likely to become juvenile delinquents). Inductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions based on patterns or trends observed in specific instances, and Vierling is using this type of reasoning to make a generalization about the relationship between school difficulties and juvenile delinquency.

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20.

Science
- Deals with what we should be not with what is
- Can settle debates on value
- Is exclusively descriptive
- Has to do with disproving philosophical beliefs
- Has to do with how things are and why
Correct Answer

A. Has to do with how things are and why

Explanation

Science is concerned with understanding how things are and the reasons behind them. It aims to explain the natural world and phenomena through empirical evidence and logical reasoning. By observing, experimenting, and analyzing data, scientists seek to uncover the underlying principles and mechanisms that govern the universe. Science is not limited to describing what exists, but also aims to provide explanations for why things occur the way they do. It is a systematic and objective approach to understanding and explaining the world around us.

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21.

Scientists do not study individuals per se, but instead study social patterns reflecting
- Aggregates
- Collectivities
- Theories
- Attributes
- Norms
Correct Answer

A. Aggregates

Explanation

Scientists do not focus on studying individuals as separate entities, but rather examine social patterns that emerge when individuals come together in groups or collectives. By studying aggregates, scientists can analyze and understand the behavior, interactions, and dynamics of larger social units, such as communities, organizations, or societies. This approach allows for a broader understanding of social phenomena and enables researchers to identify patterns and trends that may not be apparent when studying individuals in isolation.

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22.

Professor Flemming examined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categories are known as
- Variables
- Attributes
- Variable categories
- Units of analysis
- Theoretical elements
Correct Answer

A. Attributes

Explanation

In this question, the categories of marital status that Professor Flemming examined are referred to as "attributes." Attributes are characteristics or qualities that can be used to describe or classify something. In this case, the marital status categories are attributes because they describe different statuses that individuals can have in relation to marriage.

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23.

When social scientists study variables in explanatory research, they focus on
- Attributes
- Groups
- People
- Characteristics
- Relationships
Correct Answer

A. Relationships

Explanation

In explanatory research, social scientists study the relationships between variables. This means they analyze how different variables are connected or related to each other. By understanding these relationships, researchers can gain insights into the causes and effects of certain phenomena. They can identify patterns, trends, and correlations that help explain why certain outcomes occur. By focusing on relationships, social scientists can better understand the complex interactions between variables and how they contribute to the overall understanding of a particular topic or issue.

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24.

Senator Josephson researched the effects of political orientation on attitudes toward abortion. "Political orientation" is an example of
- An attribute
- An independent variable
- An aggregate
- A unit of analysis
- A dependent variable
Correct Answer

A. An independent variable

Explanation

In this scenario, "political orientation" is considered an independent variable because it is the factor that is being studied and manipulated by Senator Josephson. The research aims to examine how different political orientations influence attitudes toward abortion. The independent variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in an experiment to observe its effects on the dependent variable, which in this case would be attitudes toward abortion. Therefore, "political orientation" fits the definition of an independent variable in this context.

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25.

Dunn was interested in learning more about the negotiation processes couples use when they argue. He was interested in this for its own sake and had no plans to use the results to help improve couples' lives. What type of research is reflected in this example?
- Funded
- Applied
- Pure
- Ethical
- Idiographic
Correct Answer

A. Pure

Explanation

The given scenario reflects pure research. Pure research is conducted for the sake of gaining knowledge and understanding a particular phenomenon, without any immediate practical application or intention to solve a specific problem. In this case, Dunn's interest in understanding the negotiation processes used by arguing couples purely stems from a desire to gain knowledge and not with the intention of using the results to improve couples' lives or any practical application.

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26.

Bernardo arguess that nothing is really real and what what people see is a product of their position in society. Which perspective is reflected?
- Modern
- Premodern
- Postmodern
- Anti-modern
- Pesudeomodern
Correct Answer

A. Postmodern

Explanation

The perspective reflected in Bernardo's argument is postmodern. Postmodernism challenges the idea of objective reality and emphasizes that our perception of reality is influenced by our social, cultural, and historical context. Bernardo's belief that nothing is really real and that what people see is a product of their position in society aligns with postmodernist ideas that reality is subjective and constructed.

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27.

Igor studied students at his community college and noticed that a slim majority carried no books to class. Then he saw a new set of people in the distance and concluded before seeing them that they would definitely be carrying books to class because someone should do that, especially since he had just seen students without books. Which error in inquiry is reflected?
- Illogical reasoning
- Overgeneralization
- Selective observation
- Inaccurate observation
- Scapegoat
Correct Answer

A. Illogical reasoning

Explanation

The correct answer is illogical reasoning. This is because Igor's conclusion that the new set of people would definitely be carrying books to class is based on a flawed logic. He assumes that just because he had seen students without books, someone should be carrying books to class. However, this assumption does not necessarily follow and is not supported by any evidence or logical reasoning.

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28.

Makita studied the literature on binge drinking and discovered a pattern between gender and binge drinking that might be logically and theoretically expected. She then did her study of college students and drinking. Which approach is reflected?
- Deductive
- Transductive
- Applied
- Ethical
- Inductive
Correct Answer

A. Deductive

Explanation

The correct answer is deductive. Deductive reasoning involves using general principles or theories to make specific predictions or observations. In this case, Makita studied the literature on binge drinking and found a pattern between gender and binge drinking, which aligns with what would be logically and theoretically expected. She then conducted her own study to test this pattern among college students. This approach reflects deductive reasoning as she used existing knowledge to generate specific hypotheses and test them through empirical research.

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29.

Juanita decided to study the differences among students who choose different majors. Everyone in her study, however, has chosen sociology as a major. Which one of the following can be said about her concept of choice of major?
- She needs to study more people
- She can go ahead and do her study relating the two variables
- She really has only one concept
- One of her variables isn't really a variable because it has only one attribute
- It is far too idiographic to be useful
Correct Answer

A. One of her variables isn't really a variable because it has only one attribute

Explanation

The correct answer suggests that one of the variables in Juanita's study, specifically the choice of major, is not a true variable because it only has one attribute, which is sociology. In other words, there is no variation or diversity in the choice of major among the participants in her study. This indicates that Juanita needs to study more people in order to have a diverse sample with different majors in order to effectively analyze and compare the differences among students who choose different majors.

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30.

The first two steps in the research proposal are
- Introduction and review of the literature
- Review of the literature and specifying the problem
- Specifying the problem and research design
- Research design and data collection
- Data collection and ethical issues
Correct Answer

A. Introduction and review of the literature

Explanation

The correct answer is "introduction and review of the literature". In a research proposal, the first step is typically to introduce the topic and provide background information. This helps to set the context for the research and explain its significance. The second step is to review the existing literature on the topic. This involves examining previous studies, theories, and findings related to the research question. This step helps to identify any gaps or unanswered questions in the literature, which can then be addressed in the proposed research.

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31.

Epistemology is the science of knowing and methodology is the science of finding out
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things. It examines the sources, limits, and validity of knowledge. On the other hand, methodology refers to the systematic approach or set of methods used to gather information, conduct research, or solve problems in a particular field of study. Therefore, it is accurate to say that epistemology is the science of knowing, while methodology is the science of finding out.

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32.

Overgeneralization is more likely to lead to selective observation than selective observation is to lead to overgeneralization
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Overgeneralization refers to making broad conclusions or assumptions based on limited evidence or experiences. When someone overgeneralizes, they tend to ignore or overlook contradictory evidence and focus only on information that supports their preconceived notions. This can lead to selective observation, where individuals selectively notice or pay attention to information that confirms their existing beliefs while dismissing or disregarding information that contradicts them. Therefore, it is more likely that overgeneralization would lead to selective observation rather than the other way around.

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33.

The modern view of reality states that what is "real" depends on out points of view
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

The modern view of reality does not state that what is "real" depends on our points of view. Instead, it suggests that reality exists independently of our perceptions or beliefs. This view emphasizes the existence of an objective reality that is separate from subjective experiences or perspectives. Therefore, the correct answer is False.

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34.

One of the unique advantagws of science is that it can settle debates on values
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

Science is a systematic method of inquiry that focuses on understanding the natural world through observation, experimentation, and evidence-based reasoning. While science can provide information and insights that can inform ethical and moral discussions, it cannot settle debates on values. Values are subjective and vary among individuals and cultures, and science is not designed to determine what is right or wrong in terms of personal beliefs and values. Therefore, the statement is false.

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35.

The reseach proposal begins with the data analysis
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

The research proposal does not begin with data analysis. It typically starts with an introduction, problem statement, and research objectives. Data analysis is a later stage in the research process, where the collected data is analyzed to draw conclusions and make interpretations.

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36.

Attributes are composed of variables
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

Attributes are not composed of variables. In object-oriented programming, attributes are the characteristics or properties of an object, while variables are used to store values or references to objects. Although attributes can be implemented using variables, they are not the same thing. Variables are used to manipulate and store data, while attributes define the state and behavior of an object. Therefore, the correct answer is false.

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37.

Nomothetic explanations seek to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Nomothetic explanations aim to provide general explanations that apply to a class or category of situations or events, rather than focusing on explaining a single specific instance. These explanations seek to identify patterns, regularities, and general principles that can be applied across different cases. By studying a broader class of situations or events, nomothetic explanations aim to establish general laws or theories that can explain and predict behavior or phenomena. Therefore, the given answer, "True," correctly reflects the nature of nomothetic explanations.

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38.

Inductive reasoning involves going from the specific to the general.
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Inductive reasoning is a type of logical reasoning that involves making generalizations or predictions based on specific observations or evidence. It starts with specific instances and then uses them to form a general conclusion. This process allows individuals to make educated guesses or assumptions about the broader patterns or principles that may apply to a larger set of cases. Therefore, the statement "Inductive reasoning involves going from the specific to the general" is true.

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39.

While nomothic explanations are very useful in social scientific research, idiographic explanations are of little use
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. False

Explanation

Idiographic explanations focus on understanding individual cases and their unique characteristics, while nomothetic explanations aim to establish general laws or principles that apply to a larger group. Both types of explanations have their own value in social scientific research. While nomothetic explanations can provide broader insights and generalizations, idiographic explanations are essential for understanding the complexity and uniqueness of individual cases. Therefore, it is incorrect to say that idiographic explanations are of little use.

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40.

Pure research pursues knowledge for knowledge's sake, with no concern for how it might be used
- True
- False
Correct Answer

A. True

Explanation

Pure research refers to scientific investigations that are conducted solely to expand knowledge and understanding, without any specific practical application in mind. This type of research is driven by curiosity and the desire to explore new ideas and concepts. It is not concerned with the potential practical implications or applications of the knowledge gained. Therefore, the statement "Pure research pursues knowledge for knowledge's sake, with no concern for how it might be used" is true.

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41.

The specification of the steps, procedures, or operations followed to actually measure variables

Correct Answer
operationalization

Explanation
Operationalization refers to the process of defining and quantifying variables in a research study. It involves specifying the steps, procedures, or operations that will be used to measure or observe these variables. This ensures that the variables are clearly defined and can be measured objectively, allowing for reliable and valid data collection. Operationalization is crucial in research as it provides a clear framework for data collection and analysis, enabling researchers to draw meaningful conclusions from their study.

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42.

Reasoning from particular instances to generalizations.

Correct Answer
inductive reasoning

Explanation
The given correct answer is "inductive reasoning". Inductive reasoning is the process of drawing general conclusions or making generalizations based on specific instances or examples. It involves using specific observations or evidence to form a general principle or hypothesis. This type of reasoning is often used in scientific research and everyday life to make predictions or form beliefs about the world.

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43.

A paradigm that examines interaction among individuals and how people gain a sense of self based on their interactions with others

Correct Answer
symbolic interactionalism

Explanation
Symbolic interactionalism is a sociological paradigm that focuses on the interactions between individuals and how they create meaning through symbols and language. It emphasizes the role of social interaction in shaping one's sense of self and understanding of the world. This perspective suggests that individuals develop their identities and behaviors based on their interactions with others and the meanings they ascribe to those interactions. It also emphasizes the importance of symbols, gestures, and shared meanings in social interactions.

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44.

This paradigm shoes how gender differences relate to the rest of social organization

Correct Answer
feminist paradigms

Explanation
This answer suggests that feminist paradigms provide an understanding of how gender differences are connected to the broader social structure. These paradigms likely examine how societal norms, power dynamics, and cultural beliefs shape and perpetuate gender inequalities. By focusing on feminist perspectives, the explanation implies that these paradigms offer insights into the ways in which gender impacts various aspects of social organization, such as institutions, relationships, and social roles.

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45.

This paradigm uses "methodology of people" to examine how poeple continually create social structure through their actions and interactions.

Correct Answer
ethnomethodology

Explanation
Ethnomethodology is a sociological paradigm that focuses on studying the methods people use to create and maintain social order in their everyday interactions. It emphasizes understanding the ways in which individuals actively construct and interpret the social world around them. By examining the "methodology of people," ethnomethodology seeks to uncover the underlying rules and norms that guide social behavior. This approach highlights the importance of studying the actions and interactions of individuals to gain insights into the social structures that emerge from these processes.

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46.

Reasoning from general principles and theories to specific cases

Correct Answer
deductive reasoning

Explanation
Deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning where one starts with general principles or theories and applies them to specific cases. It involves drawing logical conclusions based on known information and making predictions about specific situations. This process is often used in mathematics and logic, where one follows a set of rules or principles to arrive at a specific solution. In deductive reasoning, the conclusion is considered to be true if the premises or principles it is based on are true. Therefore, the given answer "deductive reasoning" is correct as it accurately describes the process of reasoning from general principles to specific cases.

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47.

A general framework or viewpoint that organizes our view of something

Correct Answer
paradigm

Explanation
A paradigm refers to a general framework or viewpoint that helps us organize and understand our perspective on something. It provides a set of beliefs, concepts, and values that shape our understanding and approach to a particular subject or field. Paradigms act as guiding principles, influencing how we perceive, analyze, and interpret information within a specific context. They offer a structured lens through which we view and make sense of the world around us, providing a foundation for theories, research, and problem-solving within a given discipline.

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48.

The paradigm that focuses on how the components of society are interrelated.

Correct Answer
structural functionalism

Explanation
Structural functionalism is a sociological paradigm that examines how the different components of society are interconnected and work together to maintain social order and stability. It views society as a system with various parts that have specific functions and contribute to the overall functioning of the whole. This perspective emphasizes the importance of social institutions and their roles in maintaining social cohesion and fulfilling the needs of individuals and society as a whole.

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49.

The paradigm that focuses on how race affects our understanding of social phenomena

Correct Answer
critical race theory

Explanation
Critical race theory is a paradigm that examines how race influences our comprehension of social phenomena. It explores how racial hierarchies and systems of power shape societal structures and institutions. This theory emphasizes the importance of recognizing and challenging racism and inequality in order to achieve social justice. By examining the impact of race on various aspects of society, critical race theory aims to bring about a deeper understanding of racial dynamics and promote equity and inclusivity.

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Science Study Guide Quiz Questions

The science of finding out.

Quiz Preview

Explanation that seeks to identify the major factos that affect something across many cases.

A source of knowledge that is obtained from experts.

The assumption that a few similar events are evidence of a general pattern.

Interpreting events to fit a general pattern that a researcher believes to be true.

Logical and persistent patterns in social life.

Logical groupings of attributes.

An association that links variables.

Collective actions and situations of many individuals.

The cause of a particular dependent variable.

Most of what we know is a matter of

Which one of the following is the best example of agreement-based knowledge?

The two foundations of science are

When you hear the 4:27 train blow its whistle as you walk home from school every day, you can expect within minutes to smell Ms. Stockland's cooking. This is an example of

"But my professor said that no significant differences exist between men and women regarding intelligence." What source of understanding does this example reflect

A student meets two fraternity men at a party who talk about all the partying they do. She then concludes that all fraternity men party all the time. What error in understanding does this example reflect?

In your discussion of measurement with a friend, she argues that what you are trying to measure does not exist and that your own point of view will determine what you perceive in your measuring process. She has taken which view of reality?

Criminal justice studentent Vierling has noticed in her internship that adolescents who have experienced difficulties in school are more likely to become juvenile deliquents. In her process of going from the specific observations to the discovery of a more general pattern, she has employed

Science

Scientists do not study individuals per se, but instead study social patterns reflecting

Professor Flemming examined the following categories of marital status: married, never married, widowed, separated, and divorced. These categories are known as

When social scientists study variables in explanatory research, they focus on

Senator Josephson researched the effects of political orientation on attitudes toward abortion. "Political orientation" is an example of

Dunn was interested in learning more about the negotiation processes couples use when they argue. He was interested in this for its own sake and had no plans to use the results to help improve couples' lives. What type of research is reflected in this example?

Bernardo arguess that nothing is really real and what what people see is a product of their position in society. Which perspective is reflected?

Makita studied the literature on binge drinking and discovered a pattern between gender and binge drinking that might be logically and theoretically expected. She then did her study of college students and drinking. Which approach is reflected?

Juanita decided to study the differences among students who choose different majors. Everyone in her study, however, has chosen sociology as a major. Which one of the following can be said about her concept of choice of major?

The first two steps in the research proposal are

Epistemology is the science of knowing and methodology is the science of finding out

Overgeneralization is more likely to lead to selective observation than selective observation is to lead to overgeneralization

The modern view of reality states that what is "real" depends on out points of view

One of the unique advantagws of science is that it can settle debates on values

The reseach proposal begins with the data analysis

Attributes are composed of variables

Nomothetic explanations seek to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one.

Inductive reasoning involves going from the specific to the general.

While nomothic explanations are very useful in social scientific research, idiographic explanations are of little use

Pure research pursues knowledge for knowledge's sake, with no concern for how it might be used

The specification of the steps, procedures, or operations followed to actually measure variables

Reasoning from particular instances to generalizations.

A paradigm that examines interaction among individuals and how people gain a sense of self based on their interactions with others

This paradigm shoes how gender differences relate to the rest of social organization

This paradigm uses "methodology of people" to examine how poeple continually create social structure through their actions and interactions.

Reasoning from general principles and theories to specific cases

A general framework or viewpoint that organizes our view of something

The paradigm that focuses on how the components of society are interrelated.

The paradigm that focuses on how race affects our understanding of social phenomena