Science Study Guide Quiz Questions
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Explanation that seeks to identify the major factos that affect something across many cases.
About This Quiz
Science, defined as a system that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the world. How good are you with the basics of science? Take up the quiz and see how good you are.
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- 2.
A source of knowledge that is obtained from experts.
Explanation
Authority refers to a source of knowledge that is obtained from experts. It implies that the information or knowledge is coming from a credible and reliable source, such as an expert in a particular field. This type of knowledge is considered trustworthy and can be relied upon for accuracy and expertise.Rate this question:
- 3.
The assumption that a few similar events are evidence of a general pattern.
Explanation
Overgeneralization refers to the assumption that a few similar events are evidence of a general pattern. It occurs when someone draws broad conclusions or makes sweeping generalizations based on limited or insufficient evidence. This can lead to inaccurate or biased conclusions, as it fails to consider the diversity and complexity of individual cases or situations. Overgeneralization can be problematic as it overlooks important nuances and can perpetuate stereotypes or misconceptions.Rate this question:
- 4.
Interpreting events to fit a general pattern that a researcher believes to be true.
Explanation
Selective observation refers to the tendency of a researcher to interpret events in a way that supports their preconceived beliefs or hypotheses. It involves focusing only on the information that confirms their existing theories while ignoring or downplaying contradictory evidence. This bias can lead to a distorted understanding of the data and can hinder the objectivity and validity of research findings. By selectively observing and interpreting events, researchers may inadvertently overlook alternative explanations or fail to consider the full range of possibilities, thus compromising the accuracy and reliability of their conclusions.Rate this question:
- 5.
Logical and persistent patterns in social life.
Explanation
Social regularities refer to the consistent and recurring patterns that can be observed in social life. These patterns can include behaviors, norms, customs, and interactions that are consistently followed by individuals or groups in a society. By recognizing and understanding social regularities, we can gain insights into the underlying structures and dynamics of social life.Rate this question:
- 6.
Logical groupings of attributes.
Explanation
The term "variables" refers to logical groupings of attributes. This means that attributes are grouped together under a common variable, which helps in organizing and managing data efficiently. By grouping related attributes, it becomes easier to understand and analyze the data. Variables also allow for easier manipulation and processing of data, as operations can be performed on the entire group of attributes at once.Rate this question:
- 7.
Collective actions and situations of many individuals.
Explanation
Aggregates refer to the collective actions and situations of many individuals. It is a term used to describe the combination or collection of various elements, entities, or individuals into a whole. In this context, aggregates represent the coming together of multiple individuals or actions to form a unified entity or situation.Rate this question:
- 8.
The cause of a particular dependent variable.
Explanation
The independent variable is the factor that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable. It is the cause or potential cause of the dependent variable. By altering the independent variable, researchers can determine if and how it influences the dependent variable. Therefore, the independent variable is the most likely explanation for the observed changes in the dependent variable.Rate this question:
- 9.
The specification of the steps, procedures, or operations followed to actually measure variables
Explanation
Operationalization refers to the process of defining and quantifying variables in a research study. It involves specifying the steps, procedures, or operations that will be used to measure or observe these variables. This ensures that the variables are clearly defined and can be measured objectively, allowing for reliable and valid data collection. Operationalization is crucial in research as it provides a clear framework for data collection and analysis, enabling researchers to draw meaningful conclusions from their study.Rate this question:
- 10.
Reasoning from particular instances to generalizations.
Explanation
The given correct answer is "inductive reasoning". Inductive reasoning is the process of drawing general conclusions or making generalizations based on specific instances or examples. It involves using specific observations or evidence to form a general principle or hypothesis. This type of reasoning is often used in scientific research and everyday life to make predictions or form beliefs about the world.Rate this question:
- 11.
This paradigm uses "methodology of people" to examine how poeple continually create social structure through their actions and interactions.
Explanation
Ethnomethodology is a sociological paradigm that focuses on studying the methods people use to create and maintain social order in their everyday interactions. It emphasizes understanding the ways in which individuals actively construct and interpret the social world around them. By examining the "methodology of people," ethnomethodology seeks to uncover the underlying rules and norms that guide social behavior. This approach highlights the importance of studying the actions and interactions of individuals to gain insights into the social structures that emerge from these processes.Rate this question:
- 12.
Reasoning from general principles and theories to specific cases
Explanation
Deductive reasoning is a type of reasoning where one starts with general principles or theories and applies them to specific cases. It involves drawing logical conclusions based on known information and making predictions about specific situations. This process is often used in mathematics and logic, where one follows a set of rules or principles to arrive at a specific solution. In deductive reasoning, the conclusion is considered to be true if the premises or principles it is based on are true. Therefore, the given answer "deductive reasoning" is correct as it accurately describes the process of reasoning from general principles to specific cases.Rate this question:
- 13.
A general framework or viewpoint that organizes our view of something
Explanation
A paradigm refers to a general framework or viewpoint that helps us organize and understand our perspective on something. It provides a set of beliefs, concepts, and values that shape our understanding and approach to a particular subject or field. Paradigms act as guiding principles, influencing how we perceive, analyze, and interpret information within a specific context. They offer a structured lens through which we view and make sense of the world around us, providing a foundation for theories, research, and problem-solving within a given discipline.Rate this question:
- 14.
The paradigm that focuses on how the components of society are interrelated.
Explanation
Structural functionalism is a sociological paradigm that examines how the different components of society are interconnected and work together to maintain social order and stability. It views society as a system with various parts that have specific functions and contribute to the overall functioning of the whole. This perspective emphasizes the importance of social institutions and their roles in maintaining social cohesion and fulfilling the needs of individuals and society as a whole.Rate this question:
- 15.
The paradigm that is based on Marx's analysis of economic attempts to dominate others and to avoid being dominated.
Explanation
The conflict paradigm is a theoretical framework that is based on Karl Marx's analysis of economics and power dynamics in society. It suggests that individuals and groups constantly strive to dominate others and avoid being dominated themselves. This paradigm emphasizes the role of conflict and competition in shaping social relationships and structures. It views society as a battleground where different groups struggle for resources, power, and control. The conflict paradigm highlights the inherent inequalities and power imbalances that exist in society and seeks to understand how these dynamics influence social change and development.Rate this question:
- 16.
An ethical principle that presupposes the willingness of respondents to participate in social research
Explanation
Voluntary participation is an ethical principle in social research that assumes individuals willingly choose to participate in a study without any coercion or pressure. This principle ensures that participants have the freedom to decide whether or not to take part in the research, and it protects their rights and autonomy. By obtaining voluntary participation, researchers can gather more reliable and valid data as participants are more likely to provide honest and accurate responses. This principle also promotes respect for individuals' privacy and confidentiality, as they have the right to withdraw from the study at any time without consequences.Rate this question:
- 17.
The condition that exists when the researcher cannot identify a given response with a given respondent
Explanation
Anonymity refers to the condition where a researcher is unable to identify a specific response with a particular respondent. This means that the respondent's identity is kept confidential, ensuring that their individual answers cannot be linked back to them. Anonymity is often used in research studies to encourage participants to provide honest and uninhibited responses without fear of judgment or consequences. It allows for more reliable and unbiased data collection, as participants can freely express their opinions and experiences.Rate this question:
- 18.
The condition that exists when the researcher is able to identify a given person's responses but promises not to do so publicly
Explanation
Confidentiality refers to the condition where a researcher can recognize an individual's responses but assures not to disclose them publicly. It involves protecting the privacy and personal information of participants in a study. This is crucial to establish trust and encourage honest and open participation in research. Maintaining confidentiality ensures that participants feel comfortable sharing sensitive information, leading to more accurate and reliable research outcomes.Rate this question:
- 19.
Published formal guidelines for conduction social research.
Explanation
The correct answer is "code of ethics" because a code of ethics is a set of established principles and guidelines that govern the conduct and behavior of individuals within a particular profession or field. In the context of social research, a code of ethics provides a framework for researchers to follow in order to ensure that their studies are conducted ethically, respecting the rights and well-being of participants, maintaining confidentiality, and avoiding any potential harm. These guidelines help to ensure the integrity and credibility of social research and protect the rights of those involved.Rate this question:
- 20.
Sociology that is relatively unaffected by personal values
Explanation
Value-free sociology refers to the practice of studying society without allowing personal values or biases to influence the research and analysis. This approach aims to be objective and impartial, focusing on gathering empirical evidence and understanding social phenomena without imposing subjective interpretations. By maintaining a distance from personal values, sociologists can strive for unbiased observations and interpretations, which enhances the credibility and reliability of their research. This approach allows for a more scientific and rigorous study of society, enabling sociologists to uncover patterns, trends, and understand social dynamics more accurately.Rate this question:
- 21.
A mechanism for reviewing ethical issues within an institution
Explanation
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are a mechanism for reviewing ethical issues within an institution. They are responsible for ensuring that research involving human subjects is conducted ethically and in accordance with applicable regulations and guidelines. IRBs review research protocols to assess the potential risks and benefits to participants, the adequacy of informed consent procedures, and the overall ethical soundness of the study. They play a crucial role in protecting the rights and welfare of research participants and upholding ethical standards in research.Rate this question:
- 22.
Interviews conducted following an experiment to discover any problems generated by the research experience so that those problems can be addressed
Explanation
Debriefing refers to the interviews conducted after an experiment to identify any issues or problems that may have arisen during the research process. The purpose of these interviews is to gain insights and feedback from the participants in order to address and resolve any concerns or difficulties they may have encountered. Debriefing is an essential step in the research process as it allows researchers to improve their methods and ensure the well-being and satisfaction of the participants.Rate this question:
- 23.
Not being truthful about your identity as a researcher
Explanation
The correct answer is deception. This refers to the act of not being truthful about your identity as a researcher. It involves intentionally misleading or withholding information from participants, which can compromise the validity and ethics of a study. Deception can take various forms, such as providing false information, concealing the true purpose of the research, or using deceptive research methods. It is important for researchers to be transparent and obtain informed consent from participants to ensure ethical conduct in research.Rate this question:
- 24.
The formalized process for securing voluntary participation
Explanation
The given correct answer is "informed consent". Informed consent refers to the formalized process where individuals are provided with all the necessary information about a particular procedure or study, including its purpose, potential risks and benefits, and their rights as participants. This process ensures that individuals can make an autonomous and informed decision about whether or not to participate, without any coercion or deception. It emphasizes the importance of respecting individuals' autonomy and protecting their rights in research or medical settings.Rate this question:
- 25.
Explaining a particular phenomenon in terms of limited and/or lower-order concepts
Explanation
Reductionism refers to the approach of explaining complex phenomena by breaking them down into simpler and more basic concepts. It involves reducing the understanding of a phenomenon to its fundamental components or lower-order concepts. This reductionist approach allows for a more manageable and simplified analysis of complex systems. By focusing on specific elements and their interactions, reductionism aims to provide a clearer and more comprehensible explanation of the phenomenon under study.Rate this question:
- 26.
The purpose of research that stresses the determination of causes
Explanation
The purpose of research that stresses the determination of causes is to identify the underlying factors or variables that contribute to a particular phenomenon or outcome. By understanding the causes, researchers can gain insights into the mechanisms and processes involved, which can then inform interventions, policies, or strategies for addressing or manipulating those causes to achieve desired outcomes. This type of research is often conducted in fields such as epidemiology, psychology, sociology, and economics, where understanding the causes of various phenomena is crucial for making informed decisions and improving outcomes.Rate this question:
- 27.
The "what" or "whom" that is actually studied
Explanation
The term "units of analysis" refers to the specific entities or objects that are being studied in a research or analysis. It could be individuals, groups, organizations, or any other defined unit that is the focus of the study. The answer suggests that the "what" or "whom" that is actually studied in a research or analysis is referred to as units of analysis.Rate this question:
- 28.
The error in which data are gathered from one unit of analysis but conclusions are made about another unit of analysis
Explanation
The ecological fallacy refers to the error of drawing conclusions about individual-level characteristics based on aggregate-level data. In other words, it occurs when data is collected from a group or population, but conclusions are mistakenly made about individuals within that group. This fallacy can lead to inaccurate generalizations and assumptions about individuals based on group-level data, as individual-level variation and differences are overlooked. It is important to recognize and avoid this fallacy in research and analysis to ensure accurate and valid conclusions.Rate this question:
- 29.
The purpose of research that stresses examining a new area of interest or studying uncharted areas
Explanation
The purpose of research that stresses examining a new area of interest or studying uncharted areas is exploration. Exploration involves delving into unknown territories, seeking new knowledge, and uncovering novel insights. It allows researchers to expand the boundaries of existing knowledge, discover new phenomena, and contribute to the advancement of their field. Through exploration, researchers can push the limits of understanding and pave the way for further investigation and development in unexplored areas.Rate this question:
- 30.
A paradigm based on the view that social behavior can be explained in terms of genetic characteristics and behavior
Explanation
Sociobiology is a scientific field that examines social behavior in terms of genetic characteristics and behavior. It suggests that social behavior, such as cooperation and aggression, can be explained by evolutionary principles and genetic factors. This paradigm assumes that certain behaviors are influenced by genetic predispositions and have been shaped by natural selection over time. By studying the genetic basis of social behavior, sociobiology aims to understand how these behaviors have evolved and their adaptive significance in different species, including humans.Rate this question:
- 31.
The use of several different research methods to test the same finding
Explanation
Triangulation refers to the practice of using multiple research methods to investigate and validate a particular finding or phenomenon. By employing various approaches, such as interviews, surveys, and observations, researchers can gather different types of data from different sources, increasing the reliability and validity of their findings. Triangulation helps to minimize bias and provides a more comprehensive understanding of the research topic. It allows researchers to cross-validate their results and draw more robust conclusions, enhancing the overall quality and credibility of the study.Rate this question:
- 32.
The science of finding out.
Explanation
The term "methodology" refers to the systematic and organized approach used in conducting scientific research or investigations. It involves the use of specific methods, techniques, and procedures to gather, analyze, and interpret data. In the context of the given question, "the science of finding out" can be understood as the process of discovering knowledge through a structured and rigorous methodology. Therefore, "methodology" is a suitable answer that aligns with the meaning conveyed by the given phrase.Rate this question:
- 33.
The fact that people in social research often reveal personal information about themselves to researchers, who are strangers, is most closely related to the ethical principle of voluntary participation.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
This statement is true because the ethical principle of voluntary participation states that individuals have the right to choose whether or not to participate in a research study. In social research, individuals may choose to reveal personal information about themselves to researchers because they have voluntarily decided to participate in the study. This principle ensures that participants are not coerced or forced into sharing personal information and have the autonomy to make their own decisions regarding their involvement in the research.Rate this question:
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- 34.
It is possible to draw approximate conclusions about processes that occur over time by using cross-sectional data.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Using cross-sectional data refers to collecting data from different individuals or groups at a single point in time. While it may not provide a complete picture of the processes occurring over time, it can still offer approximate conclusions. By analyzing the data and identifying patterns or associations, researchers can make inferences about temporal processes. However, it is important to note that cross-sectional data does not allow for direct observation of changes or causality, which can be better achieved through longitudinal studies.Rate this question:
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- 35.
An association that links variables.
Correct Answer
relationshipExplanation
The correct answer is "relationship" because an association is a connection or link between variables, and this connection is often referred to as a relationship. The term "relationship" implies a connection or association between two or more variables, indicating that they are related or dependent on each other in some way. Therefore, "relationship" is the most appropriate term to describe an association that links variables.Rate this question:
- 36.
Nomothetic explanations seek to explain a class of situations or events rather than a single one.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Nomothetic explanations aim to provide general explanations that apply to a class or category of situations or events, rather than focusing on explaining a single specific instance. These explanations seek to identify patterns, regularities, and general principles that can be applied across different cases. By studying a broader class of situations or events, nomothetic explanations aim to establish general laws or theories that can explain and predict behavior or phenomena. Therefore, the given answer, "True," correctly reflects the nature of nomothetic explanations.Rate this question:
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- 37.
Overgeneralization is more likely to lead to selective observation than selective observation is to lead to overgeneralization
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Overgeneralization refers to making broad conclusions or assumptions based on limited evidence or experiences. When someone overgeneralizes, they tend to ignore or overlook contradictory evidence and focus only on information that supports their preconceived notions. This can lead to selective observation, where individuals selectively notice or pay attention to information that confirms their existing beliefs while dismissing or disregarding information that contradicts them. Therefore, it is more likely that overgeneralization would lead to selective observation rather than the other way around.Rate this question:
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- 38.
Debriefing is commonly used to counteract the effects of deception.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Debriefing is commonly used to counteract the effects of deception because it allows individuals to provide honest and accurate information after being deceived. Deception can lead to confusion, mistrust, and misinformation, making it difficult to gather reliable data or assess the situation accurately. Debriefing helps individuals process their experiences, clarify any misconceptions, and provide truthful information, which can be crucial in resolving issues and making informed decisions.Rate this question:
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- 39.
Inductive reasoning involves going from the specific to the general.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Inductive reasoning is a type of logical reasoning that involves making generalizations or predictions based on specific observations or evidence. It starts with specific instances and then uses them to form a general conclusion. This process allows individuals to make educated guesses or assumptions about the broader patterns or principles that may apply to a larger set of cases. Therefore, the statement "Inductive reasoning involves going from the specific to the general" is true.Rate this question:
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- 40.
Whereas theories seek to explain, paradigms provides ways of looking.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
This statement is true because theories are designed to provide explanations for phenomena or events, while paradigms offer frameworks or perspectives through which we can view and interpret the world. Theories aim to answer the "why" and "how" questions, while paradigms shape our understanding and guide our observations. Therefore, while theories seek to explain, paradigms offer ways of looking at the subject matter.Rate this question:
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- 41.
In addition to their ethical obligations to subjects, researchers have ethical obligations to their colleagues in the scientfic community as well.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Researchers have ethical obligations to their colleagues in the scientific community because they are expected to conduct their research in a transparent and honest manner. This includes properly citing and acknowledging the work of others, sharing research findings and data, and collaborating with colleagues. By fulfilling these obligations, researchers contribute to the advancement of knowledge and maintain the integrity of the scientific community.Rate this question:
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- 42.
Inductive theory is commonly done through observation research.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Inductive theory is commonly done through observation research because it involves gathering data and making generalizations or theories based on patterns or trends observed in the data. This approach allows researchers to develop theories that are grounded in real-world observations and can be tested and refined through further research. By systematically observing and analyzing data, researchers can identify patterns and formulate theories that explain and predict phenomena. Therefore, it is true that inductive theory is commonly done through observation research.Rate this question:
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- 43.
The use of yearbooks as the unit of analysis is an example of social artifacts.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The use of yearbooks as the unit of analysis is an example of social artifacts because yearbooks are physical objects that contain information about a specific time period, such as photographs, messages, and signatures of individuals. These artifacts provide insights into social interactions, relationships, and cultural norms within a particular community or group. By studying yearbooks, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of social dynamics and historical context.Rate this question:
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- 44.
Informed consent pertains to the ethical norms of voluntary participation and no harm to participants
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Informed consent is a crucial ethical principle in research and healthcare that ensures participants are fully aware of the purpose, risks, and benefits of their participation. It requires that individuals voluntarily agree to participate without any coercion or manipulation. Additionally, informed consent guarantees that participants will not be subjected to any harm or negative consequences as a result of their involvement. Therefore, the statement that informed consent pertains to the ethical norms of voluntary participation and no harm to participants is true.Rate this question:
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- 45.
Breaking the rules is a technique employed by ethnomethodologists
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Ethnomethodologists study the ways in which people create and maintain social order through their everyday interactions. One of the techniques they use is breaking the rules. By intentionally violating social norms and expectations, ethnomethodologists aim to reveal the underlying assumptions and shared understandings that govern social behavior. This technique allows them to uncover the hidden rules and structures that shape social order. Therefore, the statement that breaking the rules is a technique employed by ethnomethodologists is true.Rate this question:
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- 46.
Nonspuriousness is the requirement for a causal relationship that says that the effect cannot be explained in terms of some third variable.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Nonspuriousness is a requirement for a causal relationship, meaning that the effect observed cannot be attributed to some other variable. In other words, there should not be any alternative explanation for the observed relationship between the cause and effect. Therefore, the statement "Nonspuriousness is the requirement for a causal relationship that says that the effect cannot be explained in terms of some third variable" is true.Rate this question:
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- 47.
Pure research pursues knowledge for knowledge's sake, with no concern for how it might be used
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Pure research refers to scientific investigations that are conducted solely to expand knowledge and understanding, without any specific practical application in mind. This type of research is driven by curiosity and the desire to explore new ideas and concepts. It is not concerned with the potential practical implications or applications of the knowledge gained. Therefore, the statement "Pure research pursues knowledge for knowledge's sake, with no concern for how it might be used" is true.Rate this question:
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- 48.
Regardless of the theory used, there is a close connection between theory and research.
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
The statement is true because theory and research are closely linked in the field of academia. Theories are developed based on research findings and observations, and they guide future research by providing a framework and hypotheses to test. On the other hand, research helps to validate or refine theories by collecting empirical evidence. Without research, theories would remain untested and lack empirical support, while without theories, research would lack direction and a foundation to build upon. Therefore, theory and research go hand in hand, reinforcing and informing each other in a continuous cycle of knowledge development.Rate this question:
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- 49.
Epistemology is the science of knowing and methodology is the science of finding out
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True
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False
Correct Answer
A. TrueExplanation
Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things. It examines the sources, limits, and validity of knowledge. On the other hand, methodology refers to the systematic approach or set of methods used to gather information, conduct research, or solve problems in a particular field of study. Therefore, it is accurate to say that epistemology is the science of knowing, while methodology is the science of finding out.Rate this question:
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Current Version
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Mar 21, 2023Quiz Edited by
ProProfs Editorial Team -
Dec 08, 2011Quiz Created by
Grahamme
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