Dysarthria is a condition wherein the muscles used for speech are weakened and difficult to control. Dyspraxia is a chronic neurological condition that affects the planning of movements and co-ordination. What can you tell us about them?
Ataxic
Flaccid
Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic
Spastic
Ataxic
Flaccid
Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic
Spastic
Ataxic
Flaccid
Hyperkinetic
Spastic
Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron
Ataxic
Flaccid
Hypokinetic
Hyperkinetic
Spastic
Ataxic
Flaccid
Hyperkinetic
Hypokinetic
Unilateral UMN
Ataxic
Flaccid
Hypokinetic
Spastic
Unilateral UMN
Ataxic
Flaccid
Hyperkinetic
Spastic
Unilateral UMN
Atrophy and fasciculations
Audible nasal emissions and nasal regurgitation
Variable prosodic rate
Breathiness and diplophonia
Slowed AMR's
Emotional lability
Hyperactive gag reflex
Low pitch, with strained strangled voice quality
Festination
Excess and equal stress
Damage to the cerebellum and cerbellar system, and is usually bilateral
Rhythm is disturbed, but not articulation
Tone changes occur
Can be caused by Multiple Sclerosis, multiple systems atrophy and Shy-Drager syndrome
Includes major prosodic changes, including scanning, stumbling, prolonged phonemes, and a generally distrubed rhythm.
Characterised by reduced movements, festination, rigidity and Parkinsonism symptoms.
Occurs from damage to subcortical regions, particularly the basal ganglia
Prosody characterised by reduced stress, loudness, with inappropriate silences
Characterised by "blurred" speech, excess loudness variations, and reduced force
Articulation characterised by palilalia, reduced jaw stability and festination
Includes oro-facial tardive dyskinesia, chorea and dystonia
Results from damage to the cerebellar unit or pyramidal pathway
Respiration characterised by sudden, forced involuntary inspiration or expiration
Has irregular artic breakdowns, a variable rate, distorted vowels, slow irregular AMR's
Phonation characteristics include pitch & loudness breaks, abnormal noises and a harsh vocal quality.
Results from damage to upper motor neuron pathways
Possible unilateral tongue or lower face weakness with atrophy and fasciculations
Imprecise AMR's and irregular artic breakdowns
Includes mild dysphagia and drooling
Damage occurs through vascular events, TBI's and tumours
The Robbins-Klee Protocol is for assessing respiratory support
VMPAC stands for Verbal Motor Production Assessment for Children
The Great Ormond Street Speech Assessment (GOS.SP.ASS) is for assessing childhood apraxia of speech
The Goldmann Fristoe test of articulation can be used for assessment of dysarthria and dyspraxia
The OME/OPE plus a speech sample can be used
Assessment tools include: OME, assessing oral mechanism at rest, Frenchay, Apraxia battery for adults
Assessment does not assess intelligibility or comprehesibility.
A case history is necessary
Salient features and confirmatory signs need to be identified
A speech sample may be taken
Artic: place, manner, range of movement
Timing of speech sound production and co-ordination
Sequencing and accuracy disorders
Prosody disorders
Resonatory disorders
Range
Strength
Co-ordination
Speed
Muscle tension
Inconsistent errors
Facial groping
Festination
Unusual stress patterns
Reduced word shapes
True
False
True
False
True
True
True
True
True
Establish, generalise, maintain, stabilise
Generalise, Stabilise, establish, maintain
Establish, stabilise, generalise, maintain
Maintain, generalise, stabilise, establish
Stabilise, generalise, maintain, establish
Requires a more holistic approach than 'one sound at a time'
Targeting sound classes produces better results than 'one sound at a time'
Meaningful contrast therapy is useful
The child is doomed and there is nothing you can conceivably do to help the child
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