Pneumologie SI NurSIng Specific

The correct answer is the administration of bronchodilators and corticosteroids. This is because bronchodilators help to relax and open up the airways, relieving the symptoms of an asthma attack. Corticosteroids, on the other hand, help to reduce inflammation in the airways, providing long-term control and preventing future attacks. Together, these medications are the standard treatment for managing an asthma exacerbation. Antibiotics are not typically indicated unless there is a bacterial infection present, and procedures such as postural drainage and paracentesis are not relevant to the treatment of an asthma attack.

Dispnea, or shortness of breath, in pulmonary diseases is caused by a decrease in oxygen supply, an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2), and the obstruction of the respiratory airways. These factors can lead to difficulty in breathing and a sensation of not getting enough air. Contamination with pneumococci, compression of abdominal organs, or an increase in oxygen supply are not directly related to the development of dispnea in pulmonary diseases.

Kussmaul respiration is characterized by a pattern of breathing in four phases: inspiration, pause, expiration, pause. This abnormal breathing pattern is commonly seen in individuals with metabolic acidosis, where the body tries to compensate for the increased acidity in the blood by increasing the rate and depth of breathing. This helps to eliminate excess carbon dioxide and restore the acid-base balance in the body. Therefore, the correct answer is "respiratie in patru timpi: inspiratie - pauza - expiratie - pauza."

The correct answer is the administration of bronchodilators, antispasmodics, and sympathomimetics. This is because urgent management of bronchial asthma aims to relieve bronchospasm and improve airflow. Bronchodilators help relax the smooth muscles of the airways, antispasmodics help reduce muscle spasms, and sympathomimetics stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to dilate the bronchioles and improve breathing. These medications work together to alleviate the symptoms of bronchial asthma and restore normal respiratory function.

The correct answer is "tuberculina" because it is the method used in the detection of primary tuberculosis. Tuberculin skin testing, also known as the Mantoux test, is a widely used method for diagnosing tuberculosis infection. It involves injecting a small amount of tuberculin, which is a purified protein derivative derived from the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, into the skin. If a person has been infected with tuberculosis, their immune system will react to the tuberculin, causing a localized skin reaction at the injection site. This reaction is then measured and interpreted to determine if the person has been infected with tuberculosis.

The term BPOC stands for bronhopneumopatie obstructiva cronica, which translates to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in English. This is a chronic lung disease characterized by persistent airflow limitation and is commonly caused by long-term exposure to irritants such as cigarette smoke. BPOC includes conditions such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which lead to symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Asthma (astm bronsic) and bronchitis (bronsita cronica) are separate conditions that can cause similar symptoms but have different underlying causes and treatment approaches.

To prevent respiratory conditions, the patient is advised to quit smoking and avoid polluted environments. Smoking is a major risk factor for respiratory diseases and can lead to chronic conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Avoiding polluted environments, such as areas with heavy air pollution or exposure to harmful chemicals, can also help reduce the risk of respiratory issues. By following these recommendations, the patient can significantly lower their chances of developing respiratory conditions.

Hemoptizia reprezinta hemoragia provenita din arborele bronsic. Hemoptizia se refera la sangerarea provenita din tractul respirator inferior, mai precis din bronhii si plamani. Aceasta poate fi cauzata de diverse afectiuni, cum ar fi infectii respiratorii, tumori sau traumatisme. Este important sa se identifice sursa sangerarii pentru a putea stabili diagnosticul corect si a initia tratamentul adecvat.

Bronhoscopia este o procedură medicală care utilizează un instrument numit bronhoscop pentru a examina arborele bronsic. Această procedură permite medicului să vizualizeze și să evalueze starea căilor respiratorii, inclusiv a bronhiilor și a plămânilor. Sonda Metras, aparatul Roentgen și spirograful nu sunt instrumente specifice utilizate în bronhoscopie, deci nu sunt răspunsul corect.

Dispneea este definită ca o respirație anevoioasă, ceea ce înseamnă că persoana are dificultăți în a respira sau simte că nu poate respira suficient de bine. Acest lucru poate fi cauzat de diferite afecțiuni sau boli ale sistemului respirator, cum ar fi astmul, bronșita sau insuficiența cardiacă. Dispneea poate apărea în timpul efortului fizic intens, în repaus sau chiar în timpul somnului. Este important să se identifice și să se trateze cauza dispneei pentru a ameliora simptomele și a îmbunătăți calitatea vieții pacientului.

The treatment for chronic bronchitis aims to reduce bronchial irritation, treat respiratory infections, and provide bronchodilator therapy. This approach helps to alleviate symptoms, improve lung function, and prevent further damage to the airways. Chimioprofilaxia contactilor refers to chemoprophylaxis for contacts, which is not directly related to the treatment of chronic bronchitis. The administration of miofilin and corticosteroids intravenously, as well as sublingual nitroglycerin, are not commonly used in the treatment of chronic bronchitis.

The correct answer is "alb-sidefie cu aspect perlat." This means that the sputum in bronchial asthma is white and pearly in appearance. This can be explained by the fact that in bronchial asthma, there is inflammation and narrowing of the airways, causing increased production of mucus. The mucus may appear white and pearly due to the presence of inflammatory cells and proteins.

The correct answer is "aeriana" which means "airborne" in English. This suggests that the primary infection of tuberculosis (TBC) is transmitted through the air. This is a common mode of transmission for respiratory diseases like tuberculosis, where the bacteria can be expelled into the air when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Inhaling these airborne particles can lead to the transmission of the disease.

Penicilina G este antibioticul de electie utilizat in tratamentul pneumoniei pneumococice deoarece este eficient impotriva bacteriei Streptococcus pneumoniae, care este cel mai frecvent agent cauzator al pneumoniei pneumococice. Penicilina G este un antibiotic din clasa penicilinelor, care actioneaza prin inhibarea sintezei peretelui celular al bacteriei, ducand astfel la distrugerea acesteia. De asemenea, penicilina G este bine tolerata de pacienti si are un profil de siguranta adecvat. Tetraciclina, Biseptol si Miofilin nu sunt antibiotice de electie pentru tratamentul pneumoniei pneumococice.

The correct answer is IDR la tuberculina. IDR stands for Intradermal Reaction and it is a test used to detect the early presence of the human Koch bacillus, which is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis. This test involves injecting a small amount of tuberculin, a protein derived from the bacteria, into the skin and then observing the reaction. If the person has been infected with the bacteria, a raised bump or redness will appear at the injection site within 48 to 72 hours, indicating a positive result. This test is an important tool in the early detection and diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Hemoptizie se referă la eliminarea sângelui provenit din arborele bronsic, adică sângele care este tuseați sau expectorat. Hematuria se referă la prezența sângelui în urină, hematemeza se referă la eliminarea sângelui prin vărsături, iar vomica se referă la eliminarea sângelui prin tuse puternică. Prin urmare, dintre toate opțiunile, doar hemoptizia se potrivește cu descrierea dată în întrebare.

The etiology of chronic bronchitis includes repeated acute bronchitis infections, respiratory tract infections, and pulmonary fibrosis. These factors contribute to the development and progression of chronic bronchitis. The presence of respiratory infections and the repeated inflammation of the bronchial tubes can lead to the chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways characteristic of chronic bronchitis. Additionally, pulmonary fibrosis, the formation of scar tissue in the lungs, can also contribute to the development of chronic bronchitis.

Durerea toracică poate avea drept cauze atât afecțiuni cardiovasculare, cât și afecțiuni pleuropulmonare. Aceste două tipuri de afecțiuni pot provoca simptome similare, cum ar fi durerea în piept, dificultatea de respirație și senzația de constricție. Afecțiunile cardiovasculare includ angina pectorală, infarctul miocardic și insuficiența cardiacă, în timp ce afecțiunile pleuropulmonare pot include pneumonie, embolie pulmonară și pleurezie. Prin urmare, este important să se efectueze investigații suplimentare pentru a determina cauza exactă a durerii toracice și a institui tratamentul adecvat.

The correct answer is tuberculostatice. Tuberculostatice are drugs specifically designed to inhibit the growth and replication of the tuberculosis-causing bacteria. They are the mainstay of treatment for tuberculosis, as they directly target the underlying cause of the disease. Corticosteroids and anti-inflammatory drugs may be used as adjunctive therapy to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms, but they do not directly treat the bacteria. Antibiotics, on the other hand, are a broad category of drugs used to treat various bacterial infections, but specific tuberculostatic drugs are needed for effective treatment of tuberculosis.

Bradipnee is the correct answer because it refers to a decrease in respiratory rate. Dispneea means difficulty in breathing, and scaderea ritmului respirator means a decrease in respiratory rate. Tahipnee refers to an increase in respiratory rate, polipnee refers to rapid or shallow breathing, and eupnee refers to normal breathing. Therefore, bradipnee is the most appropriate term to describe a decrease in respiratory rate.

Disfagia reprezintă o dificultate în înghițire, adică o senzație de greutate sau de blocaj în timpul procesului de înghițire.

Tahipneea reprezinta cresterea frecventei respiratorii peste 40 resp/min.

Hipoxia reprezintă scăderea oxigenului în sângele circulant.

The suggestive symptom for tuberculosis (TBC) is a persistent dry cough for more than 3 weeks. This symptom is indicative of TBC because it is a common characteristic of the disease. Other symptoms such as high fever (40-41°C), a single episode of chills (30-40 minutes), and hyperpyrexia may also be present in TBC, but the most specific and reliable symptom is the persistent dry cough.

The objectives of care in BPOC (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) aim to combat obstruction, inflammation, and spasm. This means that the focus of treatment is to alleviate the blockage of airways, reduce inflammation in the lungs, and relax the spasms in the bronchial muscles. These objectives help improve breathing and overall lung function in individuals with BPOC. The other options mentioned, such as administering penicillin G, hot fluids, or sublingual nitroglycerin, are not directly related to the specific objectives of care in BPOC.

During febrile periods in pneumococcal pneumonia, it is recommended to have bed rest and a diet that is rich in vitamins and high in water and carbohydrates. This helps in supporting the immune system and providing the necessary nutrients for recovery. It is important to avoid excessive intake of lipids and to have a low-sodium diet to prevent complications and promote healing.

The correct answer is "informarea, educarea pacientului, tratament farmacologic, imunoterapia". This is because bronchial asthma therapy involves informing and educating the patient about their condition and how to manage it effectively. It also includes pharmacological treatment, which may involve the use of medications such as bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs. Additionally, immunotherapy may be recommended for certain patients with severe asthma to help desensitize them to specific allergens.

The correct answer is "alb-sidefie". In asthmatic bronchitis, the sputum can appear as white or pearly in color, which is described as "alb-sidefie" in Romanian. This is a characteristic feature of asthmatic bronchitis and can help differentiate it from other respiratory conditions.

The correct answer is "caldura retrosternala si jena respiratorie." This means that the onset of hemoptysis (coughing up blood) is preceded by a feeling of warmth behind the breastbone and respiratory discomfort. This suggests that the person may experience a sensation of heat or burning in the chest area and have difficulty breathing before coughing up blood. The other options, such as nausea, vomiting, and nosebleeds (epistaxis), are not mentioned as preceding symptoms of hemoptysis.

Complications of chronic bronchitis can include emphysema and respiratory failure. Emphysema is a condition where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, leading to difficulty in breathing. Respiratory failure occurs when the lungs are unable to provide enough oxygen to the body or remove enough carbon dioxide. These complications can arise due to the chronic inflammation and narrowing of the airways in chronic bronchitis, leading to long-term damage to the lungs.

The correct answer is "dispnee paroxistica expiratorie si bradipnee". Astmul bronsic is a syndrome characterized by episodes of difficulty breathing (dispnee paroxistica expiratorie) that are triggered by certain factors such as exercise, allergens, or stress. During these episodes, the individual may also experience a slow breathing rate (bradipnee). This combination of symptoms is commonly seen in asthma patients.

The correct answer is "bronsitei acute." Acute inflammation of the bronchial mucosa refers to acute bronchitis, which is an inflammation of the bronchial tubes. This condition is characterized by a cough, often with mucus production, chest discomfort, and shortness of breath. It is usually caused by a viral infection and can resolve on its own within a few weeks. Asthma, tuberculosis, and chronic bronchitis are different conditions that may also involve inflammation of the bronchial tubes but have distinct characteristics and causes.

The correct answer is "frison unic, febra 39 - 40o C, junghi toracic" because these symptoms are commonly associated with pneumococcal pneumonia. Frison unic refers to a single episode of chills or shivering, which can be a sign of infection. The fever range of 39 - 40o C is also indicative of an infection, and the junghi toracic (chest pain) is a common symptom of pneumonia. These symptoms together suggest a diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia.

Tahipnee este o crestere a frecventei ritmului respirator, ceea ce inseamna ca persoana respira mai rapid decat de obicei. Dispneea se refera la dificultatea de a respira sau la senzatia de lipsa de aer, iar tahipnee poate fi un simptom al dispneei. Prin urmare, tahipnee este raspunsul corect pentru ca se potriveste cel mai bine cu descrierea data.

Hemoptysis refers to the coughing up of blood or blood-stained mucus from the respiratory tract. The care provided to a patient with hemoptysis includes bed rest to minimize physical exertion and reduce the risk of further bleeding. Calming and reassuring the patient helps to alleviate anxiety and stress, which can worsen the condition. Ensuring oral hygiene is important to prevent the risk of infection. However, the administration of hot liquids is not recommended as it can increase blood flow and potentially worsen the bleeding.

Expectoratia este actul prin care secretiile, cum ar fi mucusul sau flegma, sunt eliminate din tractul respirator prin tuse sau scuipat. Este descris ca fiind reflex deoarece poate fi declanșat involuntar de către organism, de exemplu, în cazul unei infecții respiratorii. Totuși, poate fi și voluntar, de exemplu, atunci când o persoană își curăță gâtul și își elimină mucusul acumulat. Prin urmare, răspunsul corect este "actul reflex și voluntar de eliminare a secrețiilor".

The correct answer is "sindrom de condensare pulmonara". In pneumococcal pneumonia, the physical examination reveals areas of consolidation in the lungs, which is characterized by increased density and decreased air content. This can be observed through techniques such as percussion and auscultation. Lesions tegumentare (skin lesions), leziuni cazeoase (caseous lesions), and leziuni fibro-cavitare (fibro-cavitary lesions) are not typically associated with pneumococcal pneumonia.

The correct answer is "virajul la tuberculina si aspectul radiologic". This means that the diagnosis of primary infection is based on the tuberculin skin test (virajul la tuberculina) and the radiological appearance (aspectul radiologic). These two factors are used to determine if a person has been infected with tuberculosis for the first time. The tuberculin skin test measures the immune response to the tuberculosis bacteria, while the radiological appearance refers to the findings on chest X-rays or other imaging tests that may indicate the presence of tuberculosis infection.

The given options are different forms of tuberculosis. Primoinfectia oculta is not a form of tuberculosis, which is why it is the exception among the listed options.

The correct answer is 15 min. - 3 ore. This is because an asthma attack can last anywhere from 15 minutes to 3 hours. The duration can vary depending on the severity of the attack and the effectiveness of the treatment provided.

The correct answer is "rosie-ruginie, vascoasa, aderenta." In pneumonia pneumococica, the sputum is typically described as being reddish-brown (rosie-ruginie) due to the presence of blood, thick and sticky (vascoasa), and adherent (aderenta). This is because the infection causes inflammation and damage to the lung tissue, leading to the production of sputum that contains blood and is difficult to cough up.

The correct answer is "vaccinare antigripala". Profilaxia tuberculozei (tuberculosis prophylaxis) aims to strengthen the non-specific resistance of the body, administer anti-tuberculosis vaccines, and isolate the patient. However, vaccinare antigripala (anti-influenza vaccination) is not a part of tuberculosis prophylaxis.

Spirografia explorează volumele și capacitățile pulmonare. Această metodă de testare măsoară cantitatea de aer pe care o poate reține și expulza plămânul, precum și capacitatea plămânilor de a se ventila eficient. Prin urmare, spirometria este utilizată pentru a evalua funcția pulmonară și pentru a diagnostica afecțiuni respiratorii, cum ar fi astmul sau boala pulmonară obstructivă cronică (BPOC).

The correct answer is hiposecretia. Paroxysmal dyspnea in bronchial asthma is caused by three factors: bronchial mucosal edema, bronchial hypersecretion, and bronchial spasm. Hyposecretion, or reduced mucus production, is not a contributing factor to paroxysmal dyspnea in asthma.

The correct answer is "paroxistica expiratorie." Astmul bronsic in criza is a condition characterized by difficulty in breathing, specifically during expiration. This means that the person experiences shortness of breath and wheezing when exhaling.

The correct answer is "obstructiva" because asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to difficulty in breathing. This obstruction in the airways is the primary feature of asthma, making it an obstructive respiratory dysfunction. Restrictive dysfunction refers to a decrease in lung volume, which is not a characteristic of asthma. Mixed dysfunction would involve a combination of both restrictive and obstructive features, but asthma primarily presents as obstructive.

The correct answer is "bronsitei cronice" because bronchitis is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchial tubes. It is often caused by smoking or exposure to irritants and can lead to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Pneumonia pneumococice, astmul bronsic, and ftiziei are all different conditions and not complications of bronchitis.

Eupneea reprezinta respiratia normala.

The correct answer is hematemeza. Hematemeza refers to the vomiting of blood, which is not a potential complication of thoracentesis. The other options, such as lipotimie (fainting), pneumothorax (collapsed lung), and colaps (collapse), are all possible complications that can occur during or after thoracentesis.

The characteristic lesion of tuberculosis is a cavity or hollow space in the lung tissue, known as a caverna. This is formed when the infection causes the destruction of lung tissue, leading to the formation of a cavity. Cavernas are a hallmark feature of tuberculosis and can be seen on imaging studies such as chest X-rays or CT scans. They are important in the diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, as the presence of cavernas indicates active disease and may require specific treatment strategies.