Pharmacology (521-540)

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The correct answer is 1მგ.

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Heparin is a medication that is commonly used as an anticoagulant to prevent blood clots. It works by inhibiting the formation of thrombin, which is necessary for blood clotting. Therefore, the effects of heparin include preventing blood clot formation and reducing the risk of thromboembolism. Additionally, some individuals may experience allergic reactions to heparin, which can manifest as various symptoms such as rash, itching, or difficulty breathing.

The high molecular weight heparin has a prolonged duration of action, lasting for 4-6 hours.

Varfarin is the correct answer because it is a commonly used anticoagulant medication that is only effective in vivo, meaning it works within the body. Varfarin inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors in the liver, therefore preventing blood clot formation. It is not effective in vitro, meaning it does not work outside of the body in laboratory settings.

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The answer "მოქმედებს ინ ვივო" is correct because it is the only statement that is grammatically correct and makes sense in the given context. The other statements do not have a clear meaning or are incomplete. Therefore, the correct answer is "მოქმედებს ინ ვივო".

Heparin is known to have anticoagulant effects both in vivo and in vitro. It works by inhibiting the activity of thrombin and factor Xa, which are key enzymes involved in the blood clotting process. This prevents the formation of blood clots and is commonly used in medical settings to prevent and treat conditions such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Therefore, it is reasonable to suggest that heparin would also exhibit anticoagulant effects in vitro, as stated in the answer.

The correct answer is "არაპირდაპირად მოქმედ ანტიკოაგულაციურ საშუალებებს" which translates to "indirectly acting anticoagulants". This answer is supported by the given options and is the only one that accurately describes the action of warfarin, which is an indirect acting anticoagulant. The other options, such as "fibronolytic agents" and "antigregants", do not accurately describe the action of warfarin.

The molecular weight of heparin falls within the range of 5000-15000.

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Protamine sulfate is an antagonist of heparin. It is commonly used to reverse the anticoagulant effects of heparin in cases of overdose or when immediate reversal is needed. Protamine sulfate works by binding to heparin and forming a stable complex, thereby neutralizing its anticoagulant activity. This allows for the rapid restoration of normal blood clotting and prevents excessive bleeding.

The molecular weight of low molecular weight heparin ranges from 2000 to 6000.

The mechanism of action of heparin is that it binds to antithrombin III and enhances the inhibition of thrombin (factor IIa). This prevents the formation of fibrin, which is necessary for blood clotting. Heparin also inhibits the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of glutamine residues, which is required for the activation of factors II, VII, IX, and X. Additionally, heparin binds to plasminogen, forms an active complex with it, and converts it into plasmin, which degrades fibrin and helps dissolve blood clots. Finally, heparin also stimulates the production of thrombomodulin-A2, which further inhibits thrombin formation.

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Heparin is used for venous thrombosis prophylaxis and treatment, fibrinolytic (thrombolytic) therapy, anticoagulant therapy, and arterial thrombosis prevention and treatment.

An explanation for the correct answer, Anistreplaza, is not available.

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The correct answer, ენოქსაპარინი (enoxaparin), is a medication that is commonly used as a parenteral anticoagulant. It is administered through injection and is often given to prevent blood clots or to treat certain medical conditions related to blood clotting. Enoxaparin is not typically used in oral form and is primarily used in a hospital or clinical setting.