C4 Ohp - Periodontal Disease & Tooth Wear

Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease that causes inflammation and irritation of the gums. It is characterized by redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums. The good news is that gingivitis is reversible, meaning that with proper oral hygiene and regular dental cleanings, the gums can heal and return to a healthy state. This involves brushing twice a day, flossing daily, using mouthwash, and visiting the dentist for professional cleanings. By following these steps, gingivitis can be effectively treated and reversed.

The yellow structure that the arrow is pointing to in the image is calculus. Calculus is a hardened deposit that forms on teeth due to the accumulation of plaque. It is typically yellow or brown in color and can only be removed by a dental professional through a process called scaling.

Chronic inflammatory periodontal disease can indeed have a significant impact on health conditions such as coronary heart disease, stroke, and preterm birth. Several studies have shown a strong association between periodontal disease and these systemic conditions. The chronic inflammation caused by periodontal disease can contribute to the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases and increase the risk of stroke. Additionally, pregnant women with periodontal disease are more likely to experience preterm birth. Therefore, it is important to recognize the connection between periodontal health and overall health and take appropriate measures to prevent and treat periodontal disease.

The dental team does have a responsibility to explain the need for improved home care to patients. This is important in ensuring that patients understand the importance of maintaining good oral hygiene practices at home. Additionally, documenting the oral health instruction is also important for keeping track of the information provided to patients and for future reference. Therefore, both statements are true.

The correct answer is "Abrasion." In dentistry, abrasion refers to the wearing away of tooth structure due to mechanical forces such as brushing too hard or using a toothbrush with hard bristles. It can also be caused by habits such as grinding or clenching of teeth. Abrasion typically leads to a V-shaped notch at the gum line, as seen in the image. Dental caries refers to tooth decay, attrition is the natural wearing down of teeth from chewing, and erosion is the loss of tooth structure due to chemical processes, such as acid erosion from acidic foods or drinks.

The periodontium refers to the structures that support and surround the teeth. The gingiva, or gums, is a part of the periodontium as it covers the alveolar bone and surrounds the tooth. The alveolar bone is also a part of the periodontium as it forms the socket in which the tooth sits. The periodontal ligament, which attaches the tooth to the alveolar bone, is another structure of the periodontium. However, the lips are not a part of the periodontium as they are external to the oral cavity and do not directly support the teeth.

The given statement "Plaque can be removed by rinsing with water" is incorrect because dental plaque cannot be effectively removed by simply rinsing with water. Dental plaque is a biofilm that forms on the teeth and consists of bacteria, saliva, and food particles. It adheres to the tooth surface and cannot be easily washed away with water alone. Proper oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing are necessary to effectively remove dental plaque.

Males are more likely than females to suffer from periodontal disease because they tend to have higher levels of plaque buildup and are more prone to gum inflammation. Hormonal changes during puberty and aging can also contribute to an increased risk in males. Additionally, lifestyle factors such as smoking and poor oral hygiene practices may further increase the likelihood of periodontal disease in males. Regular dental check-ups and proper oral hygiene habits are essential for both males and females to prevent and manage periodontal disease.

Periodontal disease is caused by pathogenic microorganisms, begins as an inflammation caused by microorganisms, and causes a breakdown of the periodontium. However, it is not considered infectious.

The arrows in the image are pointing to an area that shows signs of gingival inflammation. Gingival inflammation refers to the inflammation of the gums, which can be caused by factors such as plaque buildup and poor oral hygiene. In this case, the arrows indicate that there is inflammation in the gingival tissue, suggesting the presence of gingivitis. This condition can lead to redness, swelling, and bleeding of the gums.

Attrition, abrasion, and erosion are all common forms of non-caries tooth wear.

Attrition refers to the wearing down of teeth due to tooth-to-tooth contact, such as grinding or clenching.

Abrasion is the wearing away of tooth structure caused by external factors such as aggressive toothbrushing or using abrasive toothpaste.

Erosion occurs when tooth enamel is dissolved by acid, often from consuming acidic foods and drinks or from gastric acid reflux.

Pit and fissure decay, on the other hand, refers to the development of cavities in the deep grooves and crevices on the chewing surfaces of teeth, and is a form of caries or tooth decay.

The correct answer is erosion because erosion refers to the wearing away of tooth structure due to chemical processes, such as acid erosion from acidic foods or drinks. Dental caries refers to tooth decay caused by bacteria, attrition refers to the wearing away of tooth structure due to tooth-to-tooth contact, and abrasion refers to the wearing away of tooth structure due to external factors like toothbrushing. However, without the image, it is difficult to provide a specific explanation for why erosion is the correct answer in this case.

Attrition refers to the natural wearing down of teeth due to normal daily activities such as chewing and grinding. It is a form of tooth wear that occurs over time and is typically characterized by flattened or worn down surfaces of the teeth. In the given image, if there are signs of flattened or worn down tooth surfaces, it suggests attrition as the type of tooth wear.

The correct answer is "Slight or early periodontitis." This is because the definition provided in the question matches the description of "Early bone loss that results in slight attachment loss of 1 to 2 mm." Therefore, this is the correct basic case type of periodontitis according to the given information.

Wearing an occlusal splint does not help prevent tooth wear caused by erosion. An occlusal splint is a device that is used to protect teeth from grinding or clenching, which can cause wear on the biting surfaces of the teeth. However, erosion tooth wear is caused by the chemical breakdown of tooth enamel due to acids, usually from acidic foods and drinks or acid reflux. An occlusal splint does not provide any protection against this type of wear. Therefore, the statement is false.

The correct answer is Severe or advanced periodontitis. This is because the definition provided states that the clinical attachment loss is greater than 5 mm, which indicates a more advanced stage of periodontitis. Slight or early periodontitis and moderate periodontitis may have lower levels of clinical attachment loss, while aggressive periodontitis refers to a different type of periodontal disease characterized by rapid progression and early age of onset. Therefore, the correct basic case type of periodontitis, according to the given definition, is severe or advanced periodontitis.

The correct answer is Necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (NUG). This is because the given definition matches the characteristics of NUG, which is characterized by sudden onset of pain and necrosis of the tips of the gingival papillae, giving it a punched-out appearance. Prepubertal periodontitis and juvenile periodontitis are not characterized by these symptoms. Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis (NUP) is a more severe form of NUG, involving deeper tissue destruction.

The correct answer is Moderate periodontitis. This is because the definition given in the question states that it is characterized by clinical attachment loss of up to 4 mm. Slight or early periodontitis would have a lower level of attachment loss, while severe or advanced periodontitis would have a higher level of attachment loss. Aggressive periodontitis refers to a specific type of periodontitis characterized by rapid progression and early onset, which is not mentioned in the definition given. Therefore, the correct answer is moderate periodontitis.

Abrasions are superficial injuries to the skin or mucous membranes caused by friction or scraping. Clinical features of abrasions typically include notching, often sensitivity, and a V-shaped wedge at the cervical margin. However, a flat incisal edge is not a characteristic feature of abrasions. This suggests that the correct answer is "Flat incisal edge" as it is not a clinical feature commonly associated with abrasions.

The correct stage of the Formation of Bacterial Dental Plaque is Bacterial adherence to the pellicle. This is when the bacteria attach themselves to the pellicle, which is a thin layer of proteins and sugars that forms on the tooth surface. In the initial stages, the organisms present are gram-positive cocci and rods. This adherence is an important step in the formation of dental plaque, as it allows the bacteria to establish a biofilm on the tooth surface and begin the process of multiplying and maturing.

Gingivitis is an inflammation of the gums caused by plaque buildup. Puberty, pregnancy, and the use of birth control medications are all associated with hormonal changes that can increase the risk of gingivitis. These hormonal changes can lead to increased blood flow to the gums and make them more sensitive to plaque. Excessive exercise, however, is not directly associated with inducing gingivitis.

Brushing your teeth correctly can help prevent abrasion, which refers to the wearing away of tooth enamel due to excessive force or aggressive brushing. On the other hand, eliminating acidic foods can help prevent attrition, which is the wearing down of teeth due to friction and grinding. Therefore, the first statement is true as correct toothbrushing can prevent abrasion, but the second statement is false as eliminating acidic foods helps prevent attrition, not abrasion.

The correct stage of the Formation of Bacterial Dental Plaque is when bacteria multiply and mature. This stage occurs after bacterial adherence to the pellicle. During this stage, the bacteria that have adhered to the pellicle on the tooth surface begin to multiply and form a biofilm. As the bacteria multiply, they mature and become more organized, creating a complex community known as dental plaque. This plaque can lead to dental caries and periodontal disease if not properly removed through oral hygiene practices.

The correct answer is Pellicle formation. This stage refers to the initial formation of a thin layer of salivary glycoproteins from saliva on tooth surfaces. This layer, known as the pellicle, acts as a foundation for bacterial adherence and subsequent plaque formation.

The first statement is true because individuals with severe periodontal disease do have a higher risk for stroke and coronary heart disease compared to those without periodontal disease. This is supported by research and studies that have found a strong association between periodontal disease and these cardiovascular conditions. However, the second statement is false because periodontal disease does have an effect on the susceptibility of pneumonia. Studies have shown that individuals with periodontal disease are more likely to develop pneumonia, as the oral bacteria can be aspirated into the lungs and cause infection.

The given answer states that both statements are false. However, the correct explanation is that supragingival calculus is actually found above the gingival margin, not below it. Additionally, aggressive brushing is not effective in removing calculus; professional dental cleaning is required for its removal. Therefore, the first statement is false and the second statement is also false.

Periodontal disease is a condition that affects the gums and the surrounding structures of the teeth. Smoking is a known risk factor for periodontal disease as it reduces blood flow to the gums and weakens the immune system. Diabetes is another risk factor because high blood sugar levels can impair the body's ability to fight off infections, including gum infections. Osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak bones, can also increase the risk of periodontal disease as it affects the density of the jawbone. Stress can weaken the immune system and make it harder for the body to fight off infections, including gum infections. Poor tooth contacts, such as misaligned teeth, can contribute to the buildup of plaque and bacteria, increasing the risk of periodontal disease. Removal partial dentures can also be a risk factor if they are not properly cleaned and maintained, allowing bacteria to accumulate. Sugary foods, although not mentioned in the answer, can contribute to tooth decay and indirectly increase the risk of periodontal disease.