Ohp II Mt 1 Red Eye

Ecchymosis refers to the discoloration of the skin caused by bleeding underneath, typically due to broken blood vessels. It appears as a purplish or bluish bruise-like mark on the skin. Therefore, the correct answer is ecchymosis.

Inflammation affects the CB so that it can no longer produce aqueous and result in lower IOP

Alkalis lead to rapid penetration due to the high pH causing break down of FA in cell membranes. Acids lead to LOCALIZED areas of contact

due to syphillis

Chemosis can also occur in endophthalmitis, orbital cellulitis, retrobulbar mass

In cases of bacterial, allergic, toxic, VKC (vernal keratoconjunctivitis), SLK (superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis), or any chronic irritation of the palpebral conjunctiva, one is likely to observe the presence of papillae. Papillae are small, raised bumps or nodules that can develop on the conjunctiva as a result of inflammation and irritation. They are commonly seen in these conditions and can vary in size and appearance.

Lymphadenopathy, or swollen lymph nodes, is commonly associated with viral infections. When the body is infected with a virus, the immune system responds by activating the lymph nodes, causing them to swell. This is because lymph nodes contain immune cells that help fight off infections. Therefore, the presence of lymphadenopathy suggests that the underlying cause is likely a viral disease.

ocular glandular syndrome can also be caused by tuleremia and cat scratch

sectoral: redness confined to one area of the conj

Viral, chlamydial, and toxic offenses can cause an elevation on the conjunctiva, specifically on the follicles. Follicles are small, raised bumps that can develop on the conjunctiva in response to inflammation or infection. This elevation is a common sign of these types of offenses and can help in their diagnosis.

iritis: inflammation of the uveal tract

The presence of diffuse, beefy engorged vessels in the fornices of the conjunctiva suggests a bacterial infection as the possible cause. Bacterial conjunctivitis is characterized by the inflammation of the conjunctiva, resulting in redness and swelling of the blood vessels. This type of infection is commonly caused by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pneumoniae. Viral conjunctivitis, on the other hand, typically presents with watery discharge and is often associated with a viral respiratory infection. Trauma and herpes may also cause redness in the eye, but the presence of engorged vessels points towards a bacterial infection.

Correct order: 1) lids 2) conj 3) cornea

Staph, strep, and pseudomonas are indeed the most common types of microbes associated with bacterial keratitis. Bacterial keratitis is an infection of the cornea caused by bacteria, and these three types of bacteria are frequently found to be the causative agents. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae are the most common types of staph and strep bacteria associated with this condition, while Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common type of pseudomonas bacteria. Therefore, the statement that Staph, strep, and pseudomonas are the most common types of microbes associated with bacterial keratitis is true.

The cotton wisp test is used to assess the sensitivity of the cornea and the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. The ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve is responsible for providing sensory innervation to the forehead, scalp, and the front part of the head. By gently touching the cornea with a cotton wisp, the test evaluates the integrity of the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve and its ability to transmit sensory information from the cornea to the brain.

**However, the first episode or acute HSK will NOT RESULT IN REDUCED CORNEAL SENSITIVITY

Phenyl should NEVER be administered in chemical burn situations because you want blood to be able to reach the injured area

Pseudomembrane removal theoretically should not bleed because pseudomembranes are not composed of blood vessels. They are a layer of dead cells and fibrin that forms on the surface of tissues, typically as a result of infection or inflammation. Therefore, removing pseudomembranes should not cause any bleeding.

The likely diagnosis for a patient presenting with a red eye and fixed, mid-dilated pupils is angle closure. Angle closure refers to a condition where the drainage angle of the eye becomes blocked, leading to increased intraocular pressure. This can result in symptoms such as redness of the eye and fixed, mid-dilated pupils. Prompt medical attention is necessary to prevent further complications.

Papillae have central vessels --> red bumps
Follicles have no central vesslels, but still may have vessels on surface --> yellow/white bumps

The presence of a faint blue tint and criss-crossing vessels in the conjunctiva suggests scleritis. Scleritis is an inflammation of the sclera, the white part of the eye, which can cause a bluish discoloration and engorgement of blood vessels. Uveitis refers to inflammation of the uvea, the middle layer of the eye, and typically presents with other symptoms such as eye pain and sensitivity to light. Episcleritis is a milder form of eye inflammation that does not typically cause a blue tint or vessel criss-crossing. HZK refers to herpes zoster keratitis, which is a viral infection of the cornea and would not present with the described symptoms.

Papillae: 0.1-0.2 mm
Follicles: 0.5-1.0 mm

Follicles are 5x as large as papillae

Pseudomembranes are caused by adenoviral infection, specifically by the adenovirus. Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that can cause a wide range of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and eye infections in humans. When adenoviral infection occurs, it can lead to the formation of pseudomembranes, which are thick, grayish-white membranes that develop on the affected tissues. These pseudomembranes can cause symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swallowing, or seeing, depending on the location of the infection. Therefore, adenoviral infection is the correct explanation for the presence of pseudomembranes.

Gonio should be performed AFTER IOP measurement bc gonio can affect IOP

The RPS Adeno Detector is used to determine if a red eye is secondary to a virus. This suggests that the device is specifically designed to detect the presence of viral infections in the eye, helping healthcare professionals diagnose and treat the condition accurately.

Ocular glandular syndrome is the only disease discussed in the lecture that will result in visible lymph nodes. This suggests that the disease affects the lymphatic system, causing the lymph nodes to become enlarged and noticeable. The other options, PFC, HSV, and orbital cellulitis, do not specifically mention any involvement of the lymph nodes, making ocular glandular syndrome the correct answer.

Hyperacute conjunctivitis is the most likely disease to produce the most pus. Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin clear tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid and covers the white part of the eye. Hyperacute conjunctivitis refers to a severe and rapidly progressing form of conjunctivitis. In this condition, there is a significant amount of discharge from the eye, which may contain pus. The presence of pus indicates a bacterial infection, which is more common in hyperacute conjunctivitis compared to other types of conjunctivitis.

The correct answer is "diffuse injection of the entire conj." Viral, scleritis, corneal ulcer, blepharoconjunctivitis, HSK, HZK, and toxic conjunctivitis are all conditions that can cause inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear membrane that covers the white part of the eye. This inflammation typically leads to redness and injection of blood vessels in the conjunctiva. The term "diffuse injection" refers to widespread redness throughout the entire conjunctiva. Therefore, diffuse injection of the entire conjunctiva is the most likely presentation for these conditions.

Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy (EBMD) is the most common type of corneal dystrophy. This condition affects the outermost layer of the cornea, called the epithelium, and the basement membrane that supports it. EBMD is characterized by the formation of abnormal deposits and irregularities on the cornea, leading to symptoms such as blurred vision, dryness, and discomfort. It is typically a non-progressive condition that can be managed with lubricating eye drops and other supportive measures.

The average force measured with Cochet and Bonnet's aesthesiometer is 11.8 grams/mm2.

A cotton swab should not be used to collect a specimen from the cornea because the cornea is a sensitive and delicate part of the eye. Using a cotton swab can potentially cause damage or irritation to the cornea, leading to further complications or discomfort for the patient. Therefore, alternative methods should be used to collect a specimen from the cornea that are safer and less invasive.

This is describing a FUNGAL ULCER (candida, fusarium, aspergillus)

If there is a suspicion of a bacterial infection causing the staining pattern in the eye, it is important to take a culture before applying any diagnostic or therapeutic agents. This is because the culture will help identify the specific bacteria causing the infection, which can then guide the appropriate choice of treatment. Applying agents before taking a culture may interfere with the growth of bacteria, making it difficult to obtain accurate results. Therefore, it is necessary to take a culture first to ensure proper diagnosis and treatment.

The presence of corkscrew-like vessels in the eye is most likely associated with a carotid cavernous sinus fistula. This condition occurs when there is an abnormal connection between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, a vein-filled cavity at the base of the skull. This connection causes an increased blood flow to the eye, leading to the appearance of twisted vessels. Other options like severe allergic reaction, toxic conjunctivitis, and episcleritis do not typically cause this specific vascular abnormality.

Cochet & Bonnet's aesthesiometer is a quantitative measure of corneal sensitivity. It is a device that measures the minimum amount of pressure required to elicit a response from the cornea. This measurement provides an objective and numerical value of corneal sensitivity, allowing for more accurate assessment and monitoring of corneal health. The other options, cotton wisp and poking the eye with a finger, are subjective measures and do not provide a quantitative value.

shorter thread = more pressure = less sensitive cornea

Follicles --> LOWER tarsal conj

The likely ddx (differential diagnosis) for a patient presenting with a red eye and irregular, fixed pupils is posterior synechiae. Posterior synechiae refers to the adhesion between the iris and the lens, which can cause the pupil to become irregular and fixed. This condition is often associated with inflammation or infection in the eye, such as uveitis or iritis. It is important to further evaluate the patient to determine the underlying cause and provide appropriate treatment.

Circumlimbal injection refers to the dilation of blood vessels around the limbus of the eye. Uveitis, which is the inflammation of the uvea (middle layer of the eye), can cause circumlimbal injection due to the increased blood flow to the affected area. Angle closure, on the other hand, refers to the narrowing or closure of the drainage angle in the eye, leading to increased intraocular pressure. This increased pressure can also result in circumlimbal injection. Therefore, both uveitis and angle closure are likely to cause circumlimbal injection.

True membranes can be caused by various factors such as infections, autoimmune reactions, or physical trauma. In the case of gonorrhea, the infection can lead to the formation of true membranes as the body's immune response attempts to contain and eliminate the bacteria. Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a severe allergic reaction, can also cause the development of true membranes as a result of the body's immune system attacking its own tissues. Chemical or thermal burns can damage the skin or mucous membranes, leading to the formation of true membranes as part of the healing process.

Conditions such as Grave's Disease, Orbital cellulitis, and trauma can lead to EOM (Extraocular Muscle) restriction. Grave's Disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the thyroid gland and can cause inflammation and swelling of the eye muscles, leading to limited eye movements. Orbital cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the tissues surrounding the eye, which can result in inflammation and scarring of the eye muscles, causing restriction of eye movements. Trauma, such as fractures or injuries to the eye socket or surrounding structures, can also lead to EOM restriction due to damage or displacement of the eye muscles.

viral infections usually cause follicles, but infants are not old enough to form follicles

Palpable, non-tender lymph nodes are commonly associated with infections, inflammation, or malignancies. PFC (preauricular follicles) and inclusion conjunctivitis are both viral infections that can cause swollen lymph nodes. PFC is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, while inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by the Chlamydia trachomatis bacteria. On the other hand, EKC (epidemic keratoconjunctivitis), hyperacute conjunctivitis, and preseptal cellulitis are not typically associated with palpable, non-tender lymph nodes.