Obesity Scenario Revision Quiz

The lack of insulin prevents glucose being transported into the cell so blood concentrations are high, but intracellular concentrations are low.

The main headings, and their subcategories, are:
1. Principle-based
- Autonomy
- Non-maleficence
- Beneficence
- Justice
- Confidentiality
- Veracity
2. Relational
- Narrative
- Care
- Feminist
3. Consequentialism
- Utilitarianism
4. Social perspectives
- Public health
- Communitarianism
5. Human rights
6. Virtue ethics

The other options are correct STEPS in glycolysis, but not the RATE LIMITING STEP.
F-6-P --> F-1,6bisP is the rate limiting step in glycolysis because it is catalysed by phosphofructokinase. PFK is the least active enzyme in glycolysis and hence the reaction it is involved with is the major control point in the pathway

Isomerase enzymes rearrange molecules - so G-6-P-->F-6-P is a rearrangement of the atoms.
Kinase enzymes ADD PHOSPHATE - so glucose --> glucose-6-P adds a phophate (as you can see from the name). (and similarly for F-6-P to F-1,6-bisP - bis indicates 2 phosphates)
Aldolase cleaves the F-1,6-bisP molecule in two.

Treatment of Type 1 diabetes involves replacement of insulin.
It is the treatment of type 2 diabetes which uses oral hypoglycaemic drugs.

A - correct. Transamination and deamination are the first step in AMINO ACID breakdown in order to remove the toxic amino group and form a carbon skeleton for gluconeogenesis

B - Correct. NH4+ (ammonium) is the byproduct of deamination, and must then be excreted in the urea cycle to prevent toxicity

C - incorrect. The carnitine transport system is important in FAT METABOLISM. Acyl-CoA does not play a role in protein metabolism.

D - correct. Proteins in muscle must first be broken down into amino acids in order to be metabolised.

E - correct. Once pyruvate has been produced, it can be used in gluconeogenesis to produce glucose to be transported to tissues such as the brain for energy production via glycolysis.

F - correct. The carbon skeleton of amino acids can be converted into pyruvate via several pathways to produce pyruvate for use in gluconeogenesis.

The Chi-Squared Test is used when:

-We are comparing two groups
-The data is discrete “all or nothing” e.g. did the patients become diabetic from taking this drug? – it is a yes or no answer

(the t-test is used for continuous data)

a. Justice ethics looks at being fair and equal to your patients. A better ethical framework for this argument would be veracity, which is to do with truthfulness and honesty. Both Justice and Veracity are under the overall framework of principle-based ethics

b. Utilitarianism looks at benefiting the maximum number of people. If the action overall benefited the most people, it therefore would be considered the right thing to do, despite harm that may occur to a minority.

c. Beneficence follows the argument that you should benefit others when possible. This answer is therefore correct

d. Virtue ethics looks at what a virtuous person would do. Whilst a virtuous person therefore would not discriminate against their patients, a better answer would be to match the argument with Justice ethics, which looks at fairness and equality, or human rights ethics, which follows the idea of the UN declaration of human rights, which includes the right individuals have to live without discrimination.

Insulin is first line treatment for type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes is usually caused by lack of insulin due to beta-islet cell damage. Type 2 diabetes is usually caused by insulin resistance
About 25% of type 2 diabetics require insulin treatment, while 100% type 1 diabetics will require insulin.

The terminal (last) electron acceptor in the respiratory chain is oxygen, which is reduced to FORM water.
CoQ is part of the chain of electron transport.
NADH acts as the electron donor at the start of the respiratory chain.

a. Consequentialism considers the ethical decision to be the one that provides maximum benefit. Obesity has a huge cost to society, an if it were to be eradicated, it would have an overall beneficial effect.

b. Autonomy follows the idea that patients have the right to decide their own treatment. The argument and framework are therefore correctly matched together, however this is an argument against forcing individuals to lose weight

c. Communitarianism looks at what is best for the overall community, and as such could support forcing individuals to lose weight

d. Human rights ethics believes all people have the right to basic rights, including access to food, clean drinking water, shelter, no discrimination, etc. Whilst this framework could be used to argue that obese individuals have the right to not be discriminated against and forced into doing something, the individual story of a patient is an argument under the relational ethics framework, more specifically, narrative ethics. Additionally, not forcing individuals is an argument against the statement in the question, which said individuals should be forced to lose weight.

A Type 1 Error occurs when we incorrectly reject the null hypothesis, meaning we conclude that there is a significant difference when in fact it was simply due to chance. This error is commonly associated with a significance level (alpha) of 0.05, where we reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than 0.05.

Oligouria is a urinary symptom

Open questions are awesome! ;)

C is incorrect. The larger the t value, the smaller the corresponding P value and a P value