Bio Final Fall 2015

While keeping an aquarium of goldfish, you change brands of goldfish food. It seems to you that the goldfish are growing much more quickly with the new food. You want to test the effect of your new fish food on the rate of growth in the goldfish. The best design for a controlled experiment would be to divide your fish equally into two separate bowls and…

• …feed them different amounts of the new food.

• …feed them each the same amount of the new food.

• … feed the fish in one bowl the old food, and the fish in the other bowl an equal amount of the new food.

• …feed the fish in one bowl the old food. Feed the fish in the second bowl with half the amount of new food since you believe it is more nutritious.

Cell ‘theory’ says that…

• All living things are composed of cells.

• All cells come from previously living cells – except for the first-ever cell.

• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living organisms.

• All of the above.

Which statement about organic macromolecules is false?

• In plants, extra glucose can be stored as cellulose to give the plants structure.

• In animals, extra glucose can be stored as glycogen in muscles and the liver for energy later.

• Saturated fats are saturated with carbon atoms which causes kinks in the fatty acid chains.

• The molecules in our food are the building blocks with which we constantly rebuild our bodies.

Which list represents the levels of organization in a multicellular organism, from the simplest level to the most complex level?

• Cell, tissue, organ, organ system

• Organ system, organ, tissue, cell

• Tissue, cell, organ system

• Organ, tissue, organ system

Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into what products?

• Oxygen only

• Glucose only

• Oxygen and glucose

• ATP and oxygen

Which of the following is an example of qualitative data? 

• The temperature decreased from 20 degrees C to 15 degrees C.

• The fish swam in a zig-zag motion across the pond.

• The plants height is 25 centimeters.

• The six pairs of robins hatched an average of three chicks per nest.

Several different types of molecules can be broken down for energy by different types of organisms.  That said, which of the following “classes” of organic macromolecules serves as the main fuel supply for most plants and animals most of the time?

• Lipids

• Carbohydrates

• Nucleic acids

• Proteins

Cellular respiration transfers the energy stored in food molecules into which usable form?

• Glucose

• ATP

• Carbon dioxide

• Water

Which example of materials moving across membranes requires the use of some of the cell’s own energy?

• Diffusion of oxygen molecules across an epithelial cell lining an alveolus sac in the lung.

• Osmosis of water from your tongue cells into your mouth when eating salty food.

• Facilitated diffusion of glucose from blood through a transport protein into a muscle cell.

• Active pumping to create extremely hypertonic concentrations of sodium and potassium ions inside and outside of a neuron.

An animal cell that is surrounded by distilled (purified) water could burst because osmosis causes

• Solutes to move into the cell.

• Solutes to move out of the cell.

• Water to move into the cell.

• Water to move out of the cell.

Which statement is true?

• Simple sugars are made of polysaccharides.

• Another name for lipids is proteins.

• Amino acids are made of proteins.

• Polymers are made of monomers.

What we call “genes” generally contain instructions for assembling

• Lipids

• Carbohydrates

• ATP

• Proteins (polypeptides)

During DNA replication, a DNA strand that has the bases CTAGGT produces a strand with the bases

• TCGAAC.

• AGCTTG.

• GATCCA

• GAUCCA

 How many bases in a section of RNA are needed to specify FOUR amino acids in translation?

• 1

• 4

• 8

• 12

A covalent bond forms when

• Opposite ions attract.

• Protons are shared between atoms.

• An electron is transferred from one atom to another.

• Two atoms share a pair of electrons.

Which process is represented by the following chemical equation?  

• Photosynthesis

• Fermentation

• Glycolysis

• Cellular respiration

A carrier of a recessive allele for a trait such as cystic fibrosis, pattern baldness, blue eyes, or albinism

• Has two copies of the allele, and the trait shows up in their phenotype.

• Has two copies of the allele, and the trait does not show up in their phenotype.

• Has one copy of the allele, and the trait shows up in their phenotype.

• Has one copy of the allele, and the trait does not show up in their phenotype.

Imagine you are breeding Brussels sprouts to make them taste a bit sweeter (if you do, you can sell them as a tasty health food and make a fortune!).  If S represents the dominant ‘bitter’ allele and s represents the recessive ‘sweet’ allele, what would you expect to see in the offspring from two heterozygous (Ss) parents?

• One fourth are expected to be sweet, and three fourths bitter.

• Half are expected to be sweet, half bitter.

• All are expected to be of medium sweetness.

• One fourth are expected to be bitter, and three fourths sweet.

Which of the following did NOT help Charles Darwin develop his ideas regarding evolution?

• Observations that the surface of the Earth (and therefore all habitats) changed over time.

• DNA evidence comparing similarities between species.

• Structural and behavioral similarities between different species.

• Observations regarding dog breeding, Brussels sprouts, and capitalistic societies.

 On the Galápagos Islands, British naturalist Charles Darwin famously observed

• Species exactly like those found in mainland South America.

• Somewhat similar species to those on the mainland, with adaptations on each island that suited their particular environment.

• Somewhat similar species to those on the mainland, but with random, unpredictable differences on each island.

• Species completely unrelated to those found in mainland South America.

While used differently in everyday speech, in science the word adaptation is used to refer to...

• A trait that an organism has developed during its lifetime, such as good fighting skills.

• An inherited trait that aids an organism in surviving and/or reproducing.

• A mutation that may or may not prove beneficial, depending on the environment.

• The range of possible genetic combinations that could be produced by two parents.

Which statement is false?

• Cancer occurs when too little mitosis takes place.

• Down syndrome occurs when meiosis fails to sort chromosomes into sex cells perfectly.

• Your brain is composed largely of specialized cells called neurons.

• A solution with a pH of 9 is basic.

Which of the following is not true about your blood?

• It helps maintain a consistent body temperature by moving thermal energy from your warm ‘core’ to your exterior and extremities.

• It delivers food and oxygen to just about every cell in your entire body via capillaries.

• It helps keep your cells from becoming acidic by taking away extra carbon dioxide.

• Since it’s water-based, fats and steroids easily dissolve in it.

Which of the following best compares photosynthesis and cellular respiration?  

• Photosynthesis releases stored energy from sugar; cellular respiration stores energy in sugar.

• Photosynthesis stores energy in sugar; cellular respiration releases stored energy from sugar.

• Neither photosynthesis nor cellular respiration requires water.

• Both photosynthesis and cellular respiration require sunlight.

Which of the following statements about stem cells is the least accurate?

• Like all cells in your body, they include your entire genome (set of DNA).

• They can be forced to differentiate into certain types of cells by applying certain protein signals to them.

• If we could injected Planaria (flat worm) stem cells into our limbs, we could regenerate like they do.

• They are naturally most ‘potent’ in the embryonic stage (though scientists are trying to work around this ethical dilemma – with significant success lately).

Which of the following is NOT true about the structure of DNA?  

• It is organized into packages called chromosomes.

• It is made of nucleotides which, in turn, are made of sugars, phosphates, and nitrogenous bases.

• Its double helix shape resembles a twisted ladder.

• The sugar-phosphate backbone is joined together with hydrogen bonds while the steps of the ladder, the bases, are bonded with covalent bonds.

Which of the following is a significant reason why you get tired when you have a cold?

• Your proteins are denaturing (unraveling) due to very high temperatures.

• Your immune cells are engulfing viruses, and digesting them. This requires a lot of ATP.

• Your respiratory system temporarily shuts down to maintain homeostasis.

• Your digestive system loses its ability to diffuse glucose into the blood stream.

C₆H₁₂O₆               

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Transcription  

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Protist           

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Cohesion      

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Regeneration            

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Mutation     

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Haploid      

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Uracil (U)

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Nitrogen         

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

Meiosis           

• Substitution of a nitrogenous base resulting in a changed sequence in DNA

• Refers to the number of chromosomes in a sex cell (sperm or egg)

• The process that creates sex cells

• Glucose

• A process that helps break down fat

• Found in RNA, but not DNA

• Converts genetic information from DNA to RNA

• Mitosis may create an entire new organism through this process

• An element needed to manufacture protein

• Helps explain how water climbs trees!

• A free-living, single-celled eukaryotic organism frequently found in pond water

A

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

B

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

C

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

D

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

E

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

H

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

G

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

F

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

I

• Nucleus

• Mitochondrion

• Ribosome

• Plasma membrane

• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Nucleolus

• Golgi apparatus

• Cytoplasm

Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. (1 point each)

Matching:  Only one letter matches the term (there is an extra letter – one doesn’t have a match) (1 point each)